For many, the word headache conjures up an image of mild discomfort—a dull ache that fades after a cup of tea or a few hours of rest. But for the millions worldwide who live with migraine, that comparison feels like calling a hurricane “a bit of wind.” Migraine is not simply a headache; it is a disabling neurological condition that can hijack an entire life in a matter of minutes.

125.1) A Pain That Consumes

125.2) Not Just Pain, But Paralysis

125.3) The Science Behind the Storm

125.4) The Emotional Toll

125.5) Treatment: Relief, Not Cure

125.6) A Call for Understanding

125.7) Life Between Attacks

AI generated

In a surprising development, the Vice President of India has tendered their resignation before the end of the term, sparking discussion across political and public circles. As the second-highest constitutional authority in the country after the President, the resignation of a Vice President is a rare and significant event.

🔍 What Does the Vice President of India Do?

The Vice President holds a unique position in Indian democracy. They:

• Serve as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament)

• Act as the President of India in their absence or if the position is vacant

• Represent the country in official functions and foreign delegations

The Vice President is elected for a 5-year term but can resign earlier by submitting a written letter to the President of India.

⚖️ Why Did the Vice President Resign?

While the official resignation letter may not always include detailed reasons, here are some valid and common causes that may explain such a decision:

1. Personal Health or Age-Related Concerns

High offices demand intense schedules, long hours, and frequent travel. Health concerns or a desire for rest can prompt early exit, especially in senior leaders.

2. Political Realignment or Differences

Sometimes, the Vice President may feel their political ideology no longer aligns with the prevailing government or party stance. A dignified exit helps maintain personal integrity and avoid public clashes.

3. Desire to Return to Active Politics or Public Life

A Vice President may choose to step down to contest elections, lead a political movement, or contribute actively in areas where they feel they can make a greater impact.

4. Dissatisfaction with Parliamentary Functioning

As the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, the Vice President oversees debates and legislative business. Prolonged disruptions, lack of decorum, or increasing polarization might influence their decision.

5. Ethical or Moral Grounds

If the Vice President feels constitutional values are being compromised, or their voice is not being heard, stepping down can serve as a form of silent protest or moral stand.

📢 What Happens Next?

Once the resignation is accepted by the President:

• The senior-most member of the Rajya Sabha may temporarily handle Chairperson duties.

• An election will be conducted to choose the new Vice President, as per Article 66 of the Constitution.

• Political parties will begin consultations and alliances to decide on a new nominee.

🧭 What Does It Mean for the Country?

Though symbolic, the Vice President’s role is critical in ensuring smooth legislative functioning and upholding constitutional principles. The resignation may trigger a broader debate on:

• Institutional independence

• Strength of democratic frameworks

• The need for respectful political dialogue

🧠 Final Thoughts

The resignation of the Vice President is more than just a political headline — it’s a reminder that even the highest offices require trust, alignment, and shared values. Whether driven by personal, political, or ethical reasons, such a decision demands reflection not just from leaders but from citizens as well.

🗳️ Democracy thrives not only when leaders take office but also when they leave with dignity and reason.

-Team Yuva Aaveg

Mayank

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In recent months, India has been experiencing a noticeable rise in earthquake activity. From the hills of the Northeast to the plains of Delhi-NCR, tremors have become more frequent—raising questions, concerns, and a sense of urgency among the public.

🔍 Why Are Earthquakes Happening More Often?

India lies on a major tectonic boundary, where the Indian Plate pushes against the Eurasian Plate. This constant pressure builds up underground, and when it’s suddenly released, an earthquake occurs. As urban development increases, activities like deep drilling, groundwater extraction, and construction can also influence underground stress, triggering small or moderate quakes.

📈 Recent Earthquake Highlights

• Delhi-NCR: Multiple low to moderate tremors have shaken the region recently. While no major damage occurred, people were reminded of the city’s seismic risk.

• Northeast India: States like Manipur, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh have experienced a string of earthquakes, with some registering above 4.0 magnitude.

• Telangana & Haryana: Unexpected minor quakes in southern and northern states show how widespread the impact can be.

🗺️ High-Risk Zones in India

According to seismic zoning:

• Zone V (Very High Risk): Includes areas like Jammu & Kashmir, Northeast states, and parts of North Bihar and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

• Zone IV (High Risk): Includes Delhi, parts of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, and Maharashtra.

Over 59% of India's land is at moderate to high risk of seismic activity.

🧱 Are We Prepared?

India has made some progress in earthquake monitoring and building regulations. But many challenges still exist:

• Old buildings aren’t earthquake-resistant

• Many cities don’t enforce seismic construction codes

• Public awareness about safety is still low

🛡️ What Can We Do?

Here are some ways individuals and communities can stay safe:

1. Know the safe spots: During an earthquake, take cover under a strong table or against an inside wall.

2. Avoid elevators during tremors.

3. Practice drills in schools and offices.

4. Retrofit old homes and buildings if possible.

5. Follow government updates from agencies like the National Center for Seismology.

🧠 Final Thoughts

Earthquakes are natural events, but their impact depends on how well we are prepared. With India’s population and infrastructure growing fast, it’s time to take seismic safety seriously. Awareness, better planning, and stronger buildings can save lives.

📌 Stay informed. Stay safe.
📢 If you live in a high-risk area, talk to your community about earthquake safety today.

-Team Yuva Aaveg

Mayank

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A vibrant community dedicated to empowering youth with the latest insights, discussions, and updates on topics that matter. Connect with like-minded individuals, share ideas, and stay inspired to make a difference.

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(१२१.१) प्रस्तावना

भारतीय संस्कृति की सबसे विलक्षण विशेषता इसकी समयचक्र के साथ सुसंबद्ध धार्मिक चेतना है। प्रत्येक ऋतु, मास, तिथि और पर्व न केवल खगोलीय घटनाओं से जुड़ा होता है, बल्कि उनमें गहरे आध्यात्मिक, सांस्कृतिक और सामाजिक अर्थ भी अंतर्निहित होते हैं। इन्हीं महीनों में एक अत्यंत पवित्र, प्रभावशाली और आध्यात्मिक दृष्टि से विशिष्ट मास है—श्रावण मास, जिसे 'सावन' भी कहा जाता है। श्रावण मास न केवल धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों और व्रतों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है, बल्कि यह भारतीय जनमानस की आध्यात्मिक ऊर्जा और सांस्कृतिक चेतना का भी प्रतीक है।

(१२१.२) पौराणिक एवं धार्मिक पृष्ठभूमि

हिन्दू पंचांग के अनुसार श्रावण मास हिन्दू वर्ष का पाँचवाँ महीना है, जो आषाढ़ मास के बाद और भाद्रपद मास से पूर्व आता है। यह मास सामान्यतः जुलाई-अगस्त के मध्य पड़ता है। इसका नामकरण 'श्रवण' नक्षत्र के आधार पर हुआ है, क्योंकि इस माह में पूर्णिमा के समय चंद्रमा श्रवण नक्षत्र में स्थित होता है।

श्रावण मास को विशेष रूप से भगवान शिव का प्रिय मास माना गया है। अनेक पुराणों में उल्लिखित है कि समुद्र मंथन के समय निकले कालकूट विष को जब देवताओं और असुरों ने अस्वीकार कर दिया, तब भगवान शिव ने सम्पूर्ण सृष्टि की रक्षा हेतु उसे स्वयं पी लिया। यह घटना श्रावण मास में ही घटित हुई थी। विषपान के कारण भगवान शिव का शरीर नीला हो गया और उन्हें 'नीलकंठ' नाम प्राप्त हुआ। तभी से यह मास शिव भक्ति के लिए सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त माना गया।

(१२१.३) श्रावण मास की विशेष धार्मिक गतिविधियाँ

श्रावण मास में प्रतिदिन—विशेषकर सोमवार को—भगवान शिव की विशेष पूजा की जाती है। शिवलिंग पर जलाभिषेक, बेलपत्र, धतूरा, भांग, दूध, दही, घी, शहद आदि अर्पण कर शिव को प्रसन्न करने की परंपरा है।

श्रावण सोमवार व्रत

श्रावण मास के प्रत्येक सोमवार को ‘श्रावण सोमवार व्रत’ रखा जाता है। यह व्रत मुख्यतः अविवाहित कन्याओं द्वारा योग्य वर प्राप्ति हेतु रखा जाता है, किन्तु विवाहित स्त्रियाँ एवं पुरुष भी इस व्रत को पुण्य एवं मोक्ष की प्राप्ति हेतु करते हैं। इस दिन भक्त उपवास रखते हैं और संध्या के समय शिव आराधना में लीन रहते हैं।

रुद्राभिषेक और मंत्र जाप

श्रावण में 'रुद्राभिषेक' का विशेष महत्व है, जो 'शिवमहापुराण' में वर्णित एक अत्यंत पुण्यदायक अनुष्ठान है। इसमें वैदिक पद्धति से ऋग्वेद, यजुर्वेद तथा सामवेद के मंत्रों से शिवलिंग पर अभिषेक किया जाता है। ‘ॐ नमः शिवाय’ मंत्र का जप, महामृत्युंजय मंत्र का पाठ एवं शिव स्तोत्रों का गायन इस माह में आध्यात्मिक लाभ के लिए विशेष रूप से किया जाता है।

(१२१.४) कांवड़ यात्रा: जनभक्ति की विशाल लहर

श्रावण मास के साथ ‘कांवड़ यात्रा’ भी गहराई से जुड़ी हुई है। कांवड़ यात्री विभिन्न तीर्थस्थलों जैसे हरिद्वार, गंगोत्री, गोमुख आदि से गंगाजल लाकर उसे अपने स्थानीय शिव मंदिरों में चढ़ाते हैं। ये श्रद्धालु ‘कांवड़िये’ कहलाते हैं। यह यात्रा केवल शारीरिक कष्ट सहने का अभ्यास नहीं है, बल्कि यह आत्म-शुद्धि, संयम और शिव भक्ति का जीवंत प्रमाण है। इस यात्रा में अनुशासन, नशा त्याग, नियम पालन और भक्ति का समन्वय होता है।

कांवड़ यात्रा एक धार्मिक अनुष्ठान होते हुए भी एक सामूहिक सामाजिक आन्दोलन का स्वरूप धारण कर चुकी है, जिसमें भक्ति के साथ-साथ सेवा, त्याग और समर्पण का संदेश समाज को मिलता है।

(१२१.५) श्रावण मास के प्रमुख पर्व

श्रावण मास में कई महत्वपूर्ण धार्मिक पर्व भी आते हैं, जो इस माह की गरिमा को और अधिक बढ़ा देते हैं:

• नाग पंचमी – इस दिन नाग देवता की पूजा होती है। यह पर्व पर्यावरण चेतना से भी जुड़ा है, क्योंकि सर्पों का संरक्षण प्राकृतिक संतुलन हेतु आवश्यक है।

• हरियाली तीज – यह पर्व स्त्रियों द्वारा मनाया जाता है, जिसमें वे शिव-पार्वती की पूजा कर अपने वैवाहिक जीवन की सुख-समृद्धि की कामना करती हैं।

• रक्षा बंधन – यह पर्व श्रावण पूर्णिमा को मनाया जाता है, जो भाई-बहन के पवित्र रिश्ते का प्रतीक है।

• व्रत और उपवास – श्रावण मास में विशेष रूप से सात्विक आहार लिया जाता है, और अनेक लोग मांस, मदिरा, लहसुन-प्याज आदि का त्याग करते हैं।

(१२१.६) आयुर्वेदिक और प्राकृतिक दृष्टिकोण

श्रावण मास वर्षा ऋतु के मध्य आता है। आयुर्वेद के अनुसार इस समय मानव शरीर की पाचन शक्ति कम हो जाती है और वात तथा पित्त दोष बढ़ जाते हैं। अतः इस मास में उपवास, सात्विक भोजन तथा संयम आवश्यक है। धार्मिक दृष्टि से भी इस मास में व्रत-उपवास, नियम, संयम, तामसिक भोजन का त्याग करना न केवल आध्यात्मिक शुद्धि, बल्कि शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य की दृष्टि से भी लाभकारी माना गया है।

इसके अलावा यह समय प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य का चरम होता है। हरियाली, वर्षा, नदी-नालों की कलकल ध्वनि, और प्रकृति की छटा भक्तों के मन को शिव भक्ति की ओर सहज रूप से आकर्षित करती है।

(१२१.७) श्रावण मास का सांस्कृतिक और साहित्यिक पक्ष

भारतीय लोकसाहित्य, कविता, संगीत और नृत्य में श्रावण मास का विशेष स्थान है। वर्षा ऋतु के आगमन के साथ लोकगीतों में ‘सावन’ विशेष रूप से गाया जाता है। स्त्रियाँ समूह में झूले झूलती हैं और हरियाली तीज, सिंजारा जैसे त्योहार मनाती हैं।
संत साहित्य, भक्तिकाव्य और नाथ संप्रदाय के गीतों में सावन के प्रति विशेष आकर्षण मिलता है। मीराबाई, कबीर, तुलसीदास, आदि भक्त कवियों ने श्रावण के धार्मिक और भावनात्मक पक्ष को अपने काव्य में स्थान दिया है।

उदाहरणस्वरूप तुलसीदासजी की पंक्तियाँ—

"बरषा ऋतु हरीत भूमि भयौ बिबिध बृक्ष बिचित्र।
चरण पखारन चलें सिव, सरित सिन्धु सब नित्र।"

यह पंक्तियाँ सावन में शिव की उपस्थिति, प्रकृति की हरियाली और भक्ति की लहर का चित्र प्रस्तुत करती हैं।

(१२१.८) समाजशास्त्रीय दृष्टि से श्रावण मास

श्रावण मास भारतीय समाज में एकता, सहयोग और नैतिक अनुशासन का प्रतीक भी है। यह मास सभी जातियों, वर्गों और लिंगों को एक सूत्र में बाँधता है। भक्ति और पर्वों के माध्यम से सामाजिक समरसता, पर्यावरण के प्रति जागरूकता, स्वास्थ्य के प्रति सतर्कता और आध्यात्मिक मूल्य समाज में पुनः जागृत होते हैं। ग्रामीण परिवेश में यह मास मेलों, झूलों, गीतों और लोक उत्सवों के रूप में सामाजिक आत्मीयता को और सुदृढ़ करता है।

(१२१.९) उपसंहार

श्रावण मास केवल एक धार्मिक मास नहीं, बल्कि भारतीय जीवनदर्शन, भक्ति परंपरा और प्रकृति के सामंजस्य का सुंदर संगम है। यह मास हमें संयम, श्रद्धा, भक्ति और प्राकृतिक संतुलन के प्रति सजग होने की प्रेरणा देता है। शिव भक्ति के माध्यम से आत्मा की शुद्धि, समाज के साथ समरसता, और प्रकृति के साथ समन्वय स्थापित करना इस मास की सबसे बड़ी शिक्षा है।

श्रावण मास एक जीवंत परंपरा है, जो सदियों से भारतीय जनमानस को धर्म, अध्यात्म और संस्कृति की रसधारा में अवगाहित करती आ रही है। पोस्ट ग्रेजुएट छात्रों के लिए यह मास धार्मिक अनुभवों से परे सामाजिक विज्ञान, लोक परंपरा, साहित्य, पर्यावरण अध्ययन और दर्शन के समन्वय का एक अध्ययन विषय भी बन सकता है।

   In a moment that rekindled the dreams of a billion hearts, Group Captain Shubhranshu Shukla etched his name into history as the first Indian astronaut to board the International Space Station (ISS). His journey aboard the Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), launched on June 25, 2025, marked India’s triumphant return to human spaceflight after 41 years, following in the footsteps of Rakesh Sharma’s legendary 1984 mission.

A Launch Rooted in Legacy:

 The Ax-4 mission lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida—the same hallowed ground that once launched Apollo 11. Shukla, a decorated Indian Air Force test pilot and ISRO astronaut, was joined by mission commander Peggy Whitson, and fellow astronauts Tibor Kapu of Hungary and Sławosz Uznanski-Wiśniewski of Poland.

After a 28-hour journey aboard the SpaceX Dragon capsule, the crew successfully docked with the ISS on June 26 at 4:03 PM IST, completing a flawless orbital rendezvous.

A Nation’s Pride in Orbit:

As Shukla floated into the ISS, he became astronaut number 634, a title bestowed upon him by Whitson. In his first message from space, he said, “It has been a wonderful ride… Whatever expectations I had before coming here were surpassed by the view, of course — that’s a big part of it — but you guys as well. So, thank you so much”.

He later addressed the nation in Hindi, saying, “Thanks to your love and blessings, I safely reached the International Space Station… This is the first step on this journey. We will conduct many experiments and make India proud”.

The Man Behind the Mission:

Born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Shukla is a graduate of the National Defence Academy and a seasoned test pilot with over 2,000 hours of flying experience across multiple aircraft, including the Su-30 MKI and MiG-29.

Selected in 2019 as part of ISRO’s first Vyomanaut group, he underwent rigorous training in Russia and India before being chosen for this landmark mission.

Science, Symbolism, and the Future:

During their 14-day stay aboard the ISS, the Ax-4 crew will conduct over 60 scientific experiments, including several proposed by Indian researchers. These range from microgravity effects on human physiology and nutrition to seed germination in space.

Shukla will also participate in outreach programs, including a live interaction with students back on Earth.

 This mission, born from a 2023 Indo-US space cooperation agreement, is not just a scientific endeavor—it’s a symbol of India’s growing stature in global space exploration.

A Family’s Joy, A Nation’s Celebration:

Back home, Shukla’s family watched with pride and emotion. His mother, Asha Shukla, was seen wiping away tears of joy, while his father, Shambhu Dayal Shukla, said, “God has truly blessed our son. Our entire family is filled with immense happiness and thankfulness”.

A New Dawn:

Shubhranshu Shukla’s journey is more than a personal triumph—it’s a beacon for India’s space ambitions, a reminder that the stars are within reach. As he orbits Earth at 7.5 km per second, he carries with him the hopes, dreams, and pride of 1.4 billion Indians.

And somewhere, perhaps, a young child in a small town is now dreaming of space—not as a distant fantasy, but as a future within grasp.

-Team Yuva Aayeg

Praveen Kumar Maurya

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India is the world's third-largest dam builder, with more than 6,300 big dams. These buildings are essential for flood control, hydropower, irrigation, and water supply. But as of 2025, the country is confronted with a variety of dam management issues, including safety issues, geopolitical conflicts, and hazards associated with climate change.

115.1) National Dam Safety and Rehabilitation Efforts

India has taken important steps in recognition of the vital need of dam safety, including:

1) The goal of the world's largest dam repair initiative, the Dam repair and Improvement Project (DRIP), is to improve the performance and safety of already-existing dams.

2) The 2021 Dam Safety Act: This act, which was passed in order to create a comprehensive framework for dam safety, gave rise to the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA), which is in charge of monitoring dam safety policies and procedures nationwide. 

115.2) Regional Developments and Challenges

115.3) Geopolitical Implications: Indus Water Treaty Suspension

115.4) Conclusion 

On the midnight of 9^th and 10^th May 2025, the Pakistan Airforce started sending the explosive Songar drones of Turkey. ( It was the retaliation by Pakistan to the drones which were sent by the Indian air force during the day. The Indian drones have destroyed many places in Pakistan, including the stadium of Rawalpindi, due to which the game of the Pakistan Super League has been suspended. The Turkish drones are very dangerous during the proxy war as well as fighting with any nation, but the 3 to 4 level security of the Indian air force retaliated against all of them very successfully at a rate of 99 to 100.  This was the first time the world had seen the defense power of Bharat. When all the drones were wrecked, the Indian Air Force, with its fighter jets like Sukhoi MK and Rafale, using the supersonic cruise missile, destroyed about 10 bases of the Pakistan army and Air force. This was very huge blow to Pakistan because its Noor Khan base and Rawalpindi base are very important bases for their defense. The base near Kirana hills containing Nukes was also disturbed, due to which leakage has started. It was also reported that Pakistan has used its intercontinental ballistic missile Fateh 2  with Delhi as a target. But it was intercepted successfully near the Amritsar base of Bharat.

This work was being done in front of the world, but behind the scenes, a new script was already being written for the future of this war. At 2 pm on 11 May, the Indian government announced that any attack on the citizens of India by Pakistan would be considered as an act of war.

 On May 11, the new CHAUDHARY of the World, Donald Trump, at 3:20 pm, announced that he had successfully brokered a ceasefire between the two nuclear-capable nations. He said that ministers of both nations have demanded that he do so. At 5 pm, the Foreign Secretary of Bharat announced that a ceasefire has been declared between the two nations. Later the Director General of Military Operations of Air force , Navy and Indian army gave briefing about the war that how Indian armed forces were successful in their mission . They gave the proof of all the retaliation done by Indian force. They gave description about mainly the attack of 9^th may on 11^th of may but on the 12^th may They gave overall briefing of all the days . One special thing about the briefing of 11^th may was that it was started with SHIVA TANDAVA STROTAM . Air marshal A K Bharti was leading the whole mission of the air force . So he was also the main spokesperson during the press briefing. A reporter asked him about the casualties of the ammunition of Pakistani forces . He with a slight smile answered that our work is to get them down and their work is to count the casualties.  Rear Admiral of navy AN Pramod, told that navy was in full mood to attack on ports of Pakistan but ceasefire stopped them.  But he said that navy was an important part of this mission also.  

The briefing of 12^th may was started with YACHNA NAHI AB RANN HOGA BY Shri Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ji .

On 12^th May the press briefings of DGMOs were done in the New Delhi.  This briefing was started by Lieutenant General Shri Rajiv Ghai . He told that The jawans of the Border security force were very actively retaliated the opposition forces . He gave a popular statement used by the Australian Cricket team during 1970s and 1980s . He gave a statement regarding the strong defense system of the Indian Armed Forces . He said that if  anyone doubts on our forces one thing about the operation I want to say that it was a 3 to 4 layer security that no weapon of enemy can remain safe . He also said that Ashes to ashes, dust to dust, if Thommo don’t get ya, Lillie must.”. He want to explain that if you would cross one security level then another is waiting for you. When reporters asked about the strategy for next war then Shri Bharti said that our bases are working very smoothly and we are always ready for the war . On the aggressive nature of the songs played . Bharti ji gave answer by using a DOHA of Shri ramcharitmanas  . He said that …

बिनय न मानत जलधि जड़ गए तीनि दिन बीति।

बोले राम सकोप तब भय बिनु होइ न प्रीति॥

He said that without aggression nothing can be achieved.

On 12^th May , at 8 PM , Shri Narendra Modi the honorable prime minister has released a video about praising the Indian army and support of all the Indians . He said that the way of peace goes from the way of strength and aggression.  Without these two things the peace is not possible . He also warned to Pakistan that “ talk and terror cannot go together , terror and trade cannot go together , water and blood cannot flow together .The talk to Pakistan will only be done on the topic of POK only .

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Shashwat

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🎯 Introduction

In May 2025, the longstanding tensions between India and Pakistan escalated dramatically following a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, which claimed the lives of 26 civilians. India attributed the attack to Pakistan-based militant groups, prompting a robust military response. Central to India's strategy was the deployment of advanced missile systems to neutralize threats and assert its defensive capabilities.

🚀 India's Missile Arsenal in Action

1. SCALP Cruise Missiles

During "Operation Sindoor," the Indian Air Force (IAF) utilized SCALP cruise missiles launched from Rafale fighter jets to strike terrorist camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Pakistan's Punjab province. Targets included locations in Bahawalpur and Muridke, believed to be strongholds of Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. The precision of the SCALP missiles allowed India to conduct these strikes without entering Pakistani airspace.

2. AASM Hammer Bombs

Complementing the SCALP missiles, the IAF deployed AASM Hammer precision-guided bombs during the operation. These munitions enhanced the accuracy of the strikes, ensuring minimal collateral damage while effectively neutralizing the intended targets.

3. SkyStriker Loitering Munitions

The Indian Army employed Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions to target specific threats within enemy territory. These drones provided real-time intelligence and precision strike capabilities, further augmenting India's offensive operations.

4. S-400 'Sudarshan' Air Defense System

The S-400 Triumf, designated as 'Sudarshan' by India, is one of the world’s most advanced long-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems. It was developed by Russia’s Almaz Central Design Bureau and manufactured by Almaz-Antey, designed to intercept aircraft, drones, cruise missiles, and even ballistic missiles at a range of up to 400 kilometers. In anticipation of retaliatory strikes, India activated its S-400 'Sudarshan' air defense systems. These systems successfully intercepted and neutralized multiple Pakistani drones and missiles aimed at strategic locations across northern and western India, including Amritsar and Jammu.

5. Akash Surface-to-Air Missiles

The Akash missile system, a medium-range surface-to-air missile, was instrumental in defending Indian airspace. Notably, on May 7, an Akash missile shot down a Pakistani JF-17 Thunder fighter jet attempting to engage IAF aircraft over the Kashmir region.

🛰️ Countering Pakistani Aerial Offensives

In response to India's operations, Pakistan launched a series of drone and missile attacks targeting Indian military installations. India's integrated air defense network, comprising the S-400 and Akash systems, effectively thwarted these incursions, maintaining air superiority and safeguarding critical assets.

🔍 Conclusion

The 2025 conflict underscored the pivotal role of advanced missile systems in modern warfare. India's strategic deployment of its missile arsenal not only neutralized immediate threats but also demonstrated its commitment to defending national sovereignty. As regional dynamics continue to evolve, the emphasis on technological superiority and precision in defense strategies remains paramount.

Note: This article is based on information available as of May 9, 2025. For the latest updates, please refer to official defense communications and reputable news sources.

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Mayank

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The human body's specialised glands create hormones, which are biochemical messengers. After being released straight into the bloodstream, these molecules reach their intended organs and tissues, where they control a variety of physiological functions. Hormones are essential for preserving homeostasis, or the internal balance of the organism, which affects everything from development and metabolism to mood and reproduction.

111.1) Hormone-Producing Glands

Numerous glands that create distinct kinds of hormones make up the human endocrine system:

1) The pituitary gland, also known as the "master gland," secretes a number of hormones that control other endocrine glands. These consist of:

    1.1) Growth hormone (GH): Promotes cell division and growth.

    1.2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

    1.3) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Encourages the production of thyroid hormone.

2) The thyroid gland, which is situated in the neck, generates hormones that control metabolism.

    2.1) Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4): Affect development and raise metabolic rate.

    2.2) Calcitonin: Assists in controlling blood calcium levels.

3) Parathyroid Glands: These tiny glands, which are located behind the thyroid, generate:

    3.1) By promoting bone resorption, parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises calcium levels in the blood.

4) The adrenal glands, which are situated above the kidneys, are responsible for the production of many hormones.

    4.1) Cortisol: Aids in metabolic regulation and the body's reaction to stress.

    4.2) Aldosterone: Regulates blood pressure by bringing potassium and salt levels into balance.

    4.3) The body is primed for "fight or flight" reactions by the chemicals adrenaline (epinephrine) and             noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

5) The pancreas is a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

    5.1) Insulin: Promotes the absorption of glucose into cells, lowering blood glucose levels.

    5.2) Glucagon: Encourages the liver to break down glycogen, which raises blood glucose levels.

6) The brain's pineal gland secretes the following:

    6.1) Melatonin: Controls the circadian rhythm, or sleep-wake cycle.

7) Sex glands, or gonads:

    7.1) Female ovaries: Generate progesterone and oestrogen, which control secondary sexual traits, the             menstrual cycle, and reproductive function.

    7.2) Male testes: Generate testosterone, which is in charge of sperm production and secondary sexual             characteristics in males.

8) Thymus: During the early stages of life, it generates:

    8.1) Thymosin: Essential for the immunological response, it plays a role in the formation of T-cells.

111.2) Hormones and Human Emotions:

A number of hormones have significant impacts on human emotions and mental health in addition to controlling bodily functions.  These consist of:

1) Dopamine: Often referred to as the "reward hormone," dopamine is linked to motivation, pleasure, and the reward system in the brain. Feelings of contentment and happiness are influenced by an increase in dopamine.

2) Often referred to as the "feel-good hormone," serotonin plays a role in mood, hunger, and sleep regulation.  Anxiety and sadness are associated with low serotonin levels.

3) Frequently called the "love hormone" or "bonding hormone," oxytocin fosters emotions of empathy, trust, and social bonding. It is released during nursing, childbirth, and hugs.

4) Natural medications that also provide a feeling of euphoria are called endorphins.  Exercise, laughter, and great delight all cause the release of endorphins.

5) Cortisol: Despite being predominantly a stress hormone, prolonged exposure to elevated cortisol levels can cause despair, anxiety, and irritability.

6) Adrenaline (Epinephrine): This hormone can cause sensations of thrill or anxiety and is released in response to excitement or fear.  Although it primes the body for rapid response, persistent stress can also make people anxious.

7) Changes in the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, particularly during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, can affect mood, irritability, and emotional sensitivity.

8) Testosterone: Known for its influence on masculine physical characteristics, testosterone also has an impact on aggression, mood, and confidence.  Emotional balance can be affected by both high and low levels.

111.3) Functions and Importance

Coordinating intricate body processes requires hormones.  For instance:

111.3.1) Insulin and thyroid hormones control metabolism.

111.3.2) Growth hormone and sex hormones regulate growth and development.

111.3.3) Sex hormones, such as oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, regulate reproduction.

111.3.4) Adrenaline and cortisol control stress reactions.

111.3.5) Hormones such as serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin have a significant impact on emotions and mental health.

111.4) Hormonal Imbalance

Excessive or insufficient hormone production can cause a number of health problems. For instance:

111.4.1) Insulin resistance or insufficiency causes diabetes mellitus.

111.4.2) Thyroid hormone imbalances are the cause of both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

111.4.3) There is an excess of cortisol in Cushing's syndrome.

111.4.4) Reproductive hormone abnormalities are associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

111.4.5) Serotonin, dopamine, and other mood-regulating hormone abnormalities are frequently linked to emotional illnesses like sadness, anxiety, and mood swings.

111.5) Conclusion

The human body cannot function properly without hormones. They are produced by the endocrine system and control essential functions like development, metabolism, reproduction, emotions, and stress reactions. Hormones have an impact on emotional stability and mental health in addition to physical health. Knowing how these potent compounds work aids in enhancing quality of life, identifying illnesses, and encouraging health.

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Adarsh Tiwari

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The Indus Water Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960, has long been a cornerstone of water-sharing diplomacy between India and Pakistan. Brokered by the World Bank, the treaty allocates the waters of the Indus River system, with Pakistan receiving control over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) which accounts for the majority (80%) of the water flow and India over the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej). Despite the tumultuous history of the two nations, the treaty has endured as a symbol of cooperation. However, the recent Pahalgam terrorist attack has cast a shadow over this agreement, raising questions about its future.

The Pahalgam Attack: A Catalyst for Change

On April 22, 2025, a devastating terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, claimed the lives of 26 individuals, including tourists and locals. The attack, attributed to Pakistan-based terrorist groups, has reignited tensions between the two nations. In response, India announced the suspension of the Indus Water Treaty, marking a significant departure from its previous stance of maintaining the treaty despite conflicts.

The decision to suspend the treaty was made during a high-level Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) meeting chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The government cited Pakistan's continued support for cross-border terrorism as a breach of the treaty's terms, which require both parties to act in good faith. This move has been described as a strategic shift, leveraging water as a tool of diplomacy and pressure.

Implications for Pakistan

The suspension of the Indus Water Treaty poses significant challenges for Pakistan. The Indus River system is a lifeline for the country, supporting agriculture, drinking water, and industry. Approximately 80% of Pakistan's water resources come from the western rivers allocated under the treaty. The disruption of water flow could lead to severe agricultural crises, economic instability, and social unrest, particularly in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh, which rely heavily on these waters.

Pakistan has labeled India's decision an "act of war," escalating tensions further. The country has warned that any attempt to divert water meant for Pakistan would be met with strong retaliation. This rhetoric underscores the high stakes involved in the suspension of the treaty.

India's Perspective

For India, the suspension of the treaty is a statement of resolve against terrorism. By holding Pakistan accountable for its actions, India aims to send a clear message that cross-border terrorism will not be tolerated. The move also reflects a broader strategy to use all available means, including water resources, to counteract threats to national security.

Critics, however, argue that the suspension could backfire, leading to increased hostilities and undermining India's position as a responsible global actor. The decision also raises questions about the long-term viability of using water as a tool of diplomacy.

The Future of the Indus Water Treaty

The Pahalgam attack has brought the Indus Water Treaty to a crossroads. The treaty, which has survived wars and political upheavals, now faces its most significant challenge. The suspension raises critical questions: Can the treaty be revived as a symbol of cooperation, or will it become a casualty of escalating tensions?

The international community has a role to play in mediating this crisis. The World Bank, as a guarantor of the treaty, may need to step in to facilitate dialogue between the two nations. However, the path forward is fraught with uncertainty, as both India and Pakistan grapple with the implications of their actions.

Conclusion:

The Pahalgam attack has underscored the intricate interplay between water diplomacy and national security. The suspension of the Indus Water Treaty marks a turning point in India-Pakistan relations, with far-reaching implications for both nations. As the world watches, the future of the treaty—and the broader dynamics of South Asia—hangs in the balance. Whether this moment leads to renewed cooperation or further conflict remains to be seen, but its significance cannot be overstated.

-Team Yuva Aaveg

Praveen Kumar Maurya

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What is the news? Recently,  on 8^th April 2025 , honourable Supreme court of India gave a landmark decision about the withholding of the bills passed by the state legislature . The court also mentioned some time limits regarding the holding of bill.

The matter and the role of nominated representative : Generally it is seen that when the Governors and the state governments belong to same political party  then the administration as well as the functioning of the government runs in a proper and smooth manner . But when both of them are from different political parties there is always a clash of thoughts . Similar matter was seen between the Governor of Tamil Nadu and its state government headed by MK Stalin . The Stalin government has passed about 10 bills and sent to the Governor Shri T N RAVI . But the Governor had held the bill till December 2023. When the Stalin government moved to the Supreme court on 18^th December 2023, on the same day The Governor sent all the bills to the President.  Out of 10 bills, 7 bills were cancelled by  her and 1 bill was given permission, and two bills were not considered by The President.

This matter was very deeply discussed for more than 2 years in front of various benches of the Supreme Court. On 8^th April 2025 , the two-judge bench of the Supreme Court, represented by Justice J B Pardiwala and R Mahadevan, gave a landmark decision. I will discuss the designs by the Supreme court, but before the decisions, let’s know about some articles and role of the Governor according to various intellectuals. 

Article 163 discusses about the power of the governor

Article 200 says that “ When a bill has been passed by state  assembly or in case of legislative council has been passed by both the houses , it shall be presented to the Governor and the Governor shall declare either that he assents to  the bill  or that he withholds  the assent therefrom or that he reserves the bill for the consideration of the President .

Some thoughts about the role of governors …….

As discussed earlier , the governor always acts as a bone of contention for the government which belongs to the opposite political thoughts . Our intellectuals have given very important thoughts regarding the governor which is mentioned below ……

1.        Shri Jawahar Lal Nehru ji  favoured the appointment of eminent academicians from outside politics and Other outstanding and impartial people from other walks of life as governors .

2.        B N RAU ( constitutional advisor to the constituent assembly )  favoured that Governor to be elected by provincial legislature by secret vote.

3.        Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel  said that the Governor should be elected by the people of the state for a term of four years and could be impeached for misbehaviour.

4.        J P Narayan  suggested that Governor to be made by the President from a panel of four persons selected by assembly and member of parliaments of the concerned state.

5.        Ambedkar  said that Governor is just a figure head . We should not spend time and money for his election . Governor would not represent ruling party at the centre but people of state .

6.        T T Krishnamachari suggested that Chief minister must have veto power above the Governor.

7.        Supreme court in the Raghukul tilak case of 1979  said that Governors are not the employee of centre but hold high constitutional office .

8.        Miguel de Cervantes suggested that The Good Governors must have broken leg and keep at home .

9.        Many other intellectuals also suggested that Governor having a faint presence like a full moon on midday . Governor must be present for consulting the government , warning the government and also to encourage the state.

Elected representative must have more powers than the nominated one .

As per 7^th schedule of the Constitution,  states should be free to legislate on 66 subjects under state list .

In the famous case of State of Punjab vs principal secretary to the Governor of Punjab 2013 , Supreme court suggested that Real power vests with elected representatives of people in a parliamentary form of Government.  The Governor as an appointee is a titular ahead of the state .

About discretion

Discretion has the meaning of acting on one’s own authority and judgment. In law, discretion as to legal rulings, such as whether evidence is excluded at a trial, may be exercised by a judge.

Some thoughts regarding the discretion……

10.                    According to  Edward coke …. Discretion is a science – discerning between falsity  and truth , between right and wrong , is not According to the will and private affection . Absolute Discretion is however is a blassphemy.

11.                    According to Justice William  Doughlas of Supreme court of United states ( United states vs Wunderlich – 1951) …….. where discretion is absolute , man has always suffered.  Absolute discretion is ruthless master (which is) more destructive of freedom than any of man’s other inventions .

12.                    Discretion means choosing from amongst various available alternatives with reference to the rules of reason and justice not personal whims.

13.                    Discretion is to exercised with caution and in a reasonable manner.

14.                    Discretion cannot be dictated . It is to be exercised after a proper application of mind to the facts and circumstances of the case at hand .

15.                    Discretion cannot be exercised for improper purpose or with a bad faith or by taking into account irrelevant consideration.

16.                    Discretion cannot be exercised in an arbitrary or whimsical manner.

Why are we discussing more about discretion…..

Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to pass any order or decree necessary for complete justice in any pending case before it. This power is discretionary and unique to the apex court.

Using this such an important article , Supreme court gave the landmark decision which is discussed below ……

17.                    Honourable Supreme court  gave a statement and said that prolonged action over 10 important bills by Tamil Nadu governor is UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

18.                    The decision about the bills by the President was declared as void by the Apex court .

19.                    Justice Pardiwala also said that a governor must be a friend , guide and a philosopher to a State not as a hindrance.  The Governor is envisaged aa a sagacious counsellor . The court also said that the Governor must look within themselves and reflect whether their actions were in line with the Constitutional ethos and aspirations of the people . Delaying assent indefinitely on bills passed by state legislature reduced the effectiveness of these laws.

20.                    The Governor’s conduct was erroneous , arbitrary , non- est(non existant) in law.

21.                    The Governor acted as a roadblock by delaying actions on the bills sent him for consent by assembly under article 200 of the Constitution.

22.                    The Governor has no right to use pocket veto and delaying the bill.

The Supreme court has given a time limit but in our Constitution no such a time limit is mentioned . The Supreme court in very harsh  language  said that….

1.                  A Governor has maximum of one month to withhold the assent on the aid and advice of the State Cabinet.

2.                  If he withholds assent contrary to the cabinets advice , he has maximum of three months to return the bill with specifying the reasons .

3.                  The governor has three months to reserve a bill for President’s consideration against advice of the state cabinet .

4.                  Governor must grant assent to a bill repassed by the cabinet within a month under article 200.

5.                  A Governor cannot exercise his personal discretion if a house passed the same bill again and returned it to him for consent.

6.                  Any failure by the Governor to comply with the timeliness would invite for a JUDICIAL REVIEW.

The Stalin government has welcomed the decision while the NDA government is going towards Supreme court  to review it’s decision….

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Shashwat

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