Showing posts with label Infotainment. Show all posts

Thursday, August 7, 2025

The Silent Storm: Living Through the Agony of Migraine

For many, the word headache conjures up an image of mild discomfort—a dull ache that fades after a cup of tea or a few hours of rest. But for the millions worldwide who live with migraine, that comparison feels like calling a hurricane “a bit of wind.” Migraine is not simply a headache; it is a disabling neurological condition that can hijack an entire life in a matter of minutes.

125.1) A Pain That Consumes

Imagine each heartbeat acting as a hammer against a steel rod that has been pushed through one side of your skull. It feels like glass fragments piercing your eyes. Sounds reverberate violently through your bones and seem to bounce around inside your skull. Even the smallest scent, like the aroma of coffee or a hint of perfume, makes your stomach churn over. Your universe narrows to one objective: put an end to the suffering.

This isn't hyperbole for a lot of migraineurs. The duration of a migraine episode can range from four hours to three days, leaving the sufferer exhausted, confused, and constantly afraid of another attack. In contrast to regular headaches, migraines frequently present with a debilitating array of symptoms, including intense light and sound sensitivity, nausea, vomiting, throbbing pain (typically on one side of the head), and occasionally aura, or visual distortions.

125.2) Not Just Pain, But Paralysis

Migraines are particularly harsh because they immobilise in addition to hurting. A severe attack makes day-to-day living impossible. A teacher may have to leave a class in the middle of a session because her head feels like it's breaking apart and her vision has become blurry. A parent may be made to lie in a quiet, dark room while their kids play outside, the sound of their laughter becoming intolerable. As the pain pulses behind their eyes, an office worker may be unable to process a single email and stare hopelessly at a computer screen.

The cruelty of migraines is increased by their unpredictable nature. They can hit you in the middle of a crucial professional presentation, on a family vacation, or even in the middle of the night, robbing you of your sleep. Anxiety and loneliness are exacerbated by the persistent threat of the next attack.

125.3) The Science Behind the Storm

The precise aetiology of migraines, a complicated neurological condition, is still being investigated. According to scientists, they are caused by aberrant brain activity that momentarily changes the brain's blood flow, chemicals, and nerve messages. There is a 50% probability that a kid will experience migraines if one parent does, indicating the importance of genetics.

Stress, hormonal fluctuations (particularly in women), specific foods and beverages (old cheese, processed meat, alcohol, and caffeine), weather variations, sensory overload, and sleep deprivation are common triggers. However, triggers are quite personal; what starts a migraine in one person may not affect another.

Usually, a migraine episode happens in phases:

125.3.1) Prodrome: Subtle warning indications, such as mood swings, stiff neck, food cravings, frequent yawning, or exhaustion, may manifest hours or even days prior to an attack.

125.3.2) Aura (in certain patients): Visual abnormalities including blind spots, zigzag lines, or flashing lights, as well as occasionally trouble speaking or tingling in the hands or face.

125.3.3) Attack: The height of severe, frequently unilateral, throbbing pain, along with light, sound, and smell sensitivity, nausea, and vomiting.

125.3.4) Postdrome: Patients frequently experience fatigue, mental haze, and physical weakness after the pain has subsided, as though they are recuperating from a serious disease.

125.4) The Emotional Toll

Living with a migraine is a psychological struggle in addition to a physical one. A person's life decisions may be influenced by their fear of the next attack. To avoid being exposed to lights, noise, or particular meals, social gatherings may be avoided. Unpredictable sick days may cause career goals to be set back. The incapacity of a friend or partner to fully engage in life can put a strain on relationships.

The fact that migraines are an unseen condition adds to the emotional toll. The patient might "look fine" to an outside observer, which could cause miscommunications or a lack of empathy. Patients all too frequently hear statements like "Take a painkiller and get over it" or "It's just a headache." These false beliefs exacerbate depressive, lonely, and frustrated sensations.

125.5) Treatment: Relief, Not Cure

Although migraines cannot be cured, there are a number of therapies that can lessen their frequency and intensity. These consist of:

125.5.1) Acute medications: Triptans, NSAIDs, or combination medications are examples of acute treatments that are administered to stop symptoms at the start of an episode.

125.5.2) Preventive medications: Beta-blockers, anti-seizure meds, several antidepressants, and novel CGRP inhibitors are examples of preventive pharmaceuticals.

125.5.3) Changes in lifestyle: regular exercise, stress reduction, healthy eating, and regular sleep habits.

125.5.4) Non-drug therapies: Non-pharmacological treatments include relaxation methods, biofeedback, acupuncture, and cognitive behavioural therapy.

Even after receiving therapy, many patients still have to modify their lives to accommodate the illness, learning to foresee and control triggers while acknowledging that some attacks will still occur.

125.6) A Call for Understanding

The World Health Organisation lists migraine as one of the top 10 most incapacitating illnesses worldwide. However, the reality that patients face is significantly more understood by the general public. Raising awareness is crucial for empathy in communities, schools, and workplaces as well as for supporting research.

We must acknowledge migraine as the severe neurological problem that it is—not an overreaction, not a weakness, but a crippling medical condition—if we are to provide migraine sufferers with the support they need. Companies can provide quiet areas and flexible timings. Family members and friends can learn to spot warning signs and react empathetically. The general public can stop discounting migraines and start actively helping those who suffer from them.

125.7) Life Between Attacks

The times in between migraines, when the storm has passed and the world is soft again, are sometimes the most bittersweet for many people. The mind is clean, sound is no longer an enemy, and light is no longer a weapon. However, because the threat is never completely eliminated, the relief is tempered with dread.

The premonition, the assault, the recuperation, and the waiting are the cycles of migraine existence. Every attack serves as a reminder of our susceptibility while simultaneously demonstrating our fortitude. Living with a migraine means learning to keep going even when everything seems to be going in circles and your body feels like an enemy.

It's difficult for people who have never had a migraine to understand how intense the agony is. The most crucial thing to understand, though, is that when a person with a migraine claims they are unable to function, they mean it. During those times, individuals are not only fighting a headache; they are surviving an invisible but all-consuming storm that rages inside their heads.

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Adarsh Tiwari

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Thursday, February 20, 2025

Development in Quantitative Relationship Models: Nature Perpective

Computational methods such as Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) models are used to predict a molecule's physicochemical characteristics or biological activity based on its chemical structure. Toxicology, materials science, pharmaceutical chemistry, and environmental science all make extensive use of these models to speed up the identification and refinement of novel compounds.

Credit: Napkin AI

100.1) Fundamentals of QSAR/QSPR Models

The structural characteristics of chemical substances and their biological functions, such as toxicity, effectiveness, or receptor binding affinity, are mathematically related in QSAR models. Likewise, QSPR models establish a relationship between molecular structure and physicochemical characteristics such as partition coefficient, boiling point, or solubility. The idea that molecular structure determines molecular behavior is shared by QSAR and QSPR.

Credit: Napkin AI

100.2) Development

1. Data Collection: From experimental or literary sources, a dataset of chemical structures and the actions or characteristics that go along with them is compiled.

2. Descriptor Calculation: molecule descriptors, which describe attributes including atomic composition, topology, electronic distribution, and molecule form, are numerical values obtained from the chemical structure.

3. Feature Selection: To lower dimensionality and enhance model interpretability, pertinent descriptors are chosen by statistical or machine-learning methods.

4. Model Construction: Regression analysis, neural networks, support vector machines, and other statistical or machine-learning techniques are used to construct mathematical models.

5. Model Validation: Both internal and external validation methods, including cross-validation and test datasets, are used to assess the model's predictive accuracy.

6. Model Application: The model can be used to forecast the characteristics or actions of untested drugs after it has been validated.

100.3) Approaches

1) 2D-QSAR: Makes use of two-dimensional molecular descriptors, including molecular fingerprints and connectivity indices.

2) Three-dimensional structural characteristics, such as molecule conformation and electrostatic potential fields, are incorporated into 3D-QSAR.

3) Machine Learning-Based QSAR/QSPR: To improve prediction accuracy, this approach uses sophisticated algorithms such as random forests, decision trees, and deep learning.

100.4) Applications

1) Drug Discovery: QSAR models aid in the creation of new drug candidates with decreased toxicity and maximized activity.

2) Toxicology: Reduces the need for animal testing by forecasting a chemical's possible toxicity.

3) Environmental Science: Evaluate the impact and fate of chemical contaminants in the environment.

4) Designing novel materials with desired physicochemical properties is made easier by Material Science.

100.5) Challenges

Despite their many benefits, QSAR/QSPR models have drawbacks, including a reliance on high-quality datasets, the potential for overfitting, and difficulties projecting predictions to compounds with different structural makeups. Future developments in big data, artificial intelligence, and molecular simulations will improve QSAR/QSPR models even more, increasing their accuracy and generalizability across a range of scientific fields.

100.6) Conclusion

Using computational techniques, QSAR and QSPR models are effective tools for predicting biological activity and chemical characteristics. The efficacy and efficiency of chemical and pharmaceutical research will be greatly increased by their ongoing development and integration with cutting-edge technology.

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Adarsh Tiwari

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Thursday, February 6, 2025

GBS SYNDROME: A new member knocking at door

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What is the news? Recently, pune, a metropolitan city of Maharashtra, saw a huge number of cases of GBS Syndrome.

Let’s know about this Syndrome in detail …

About the Syndrome: The GBS Syndrome stands for – Guillian Barre's Syndrome. The origin of this Syndrome is not clear. It is a rare neurological disorder. In this Syndrome , person's immune system attacks on their peripheral nerves which leads in weakening of muscles and in severe cases it may be the cause of paralysis.

In autoimmune condition , the body’s immune system attacks on its own cells . In the case of GBS , immune system destroys myelin sheath which is a fatty layer .

It generally occurs after viral infection or bacterial infection. According to the world health organisation , infection with bacteria called CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI( causing a disease ….. gastroenteritis) is a major risk factor or the people having flu , viral infection from cytomegalovirus , epstein-barr virus and also the zika virus are also the major risk factors for GBS Syndrome.

The bacteria is generally found in contaminated food and also in the water.

This disease or Syndrome is more common in adults and males . Generally the cases are 1 or 2 in 10000 peoples .

GBS may be life threatening when it affects the autonomic nervous system which controls the blood pressure and also the heart beat.

How is it treated? The most concerning part comes here when we know that that there is no any particular method by which this Syndrome can be cured.

But many people has been recovered after suffering via this syndrome treatment primarily include plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. In plasma exchange or plasmapheresis the plasma is ejected out , treated and then again it is injected in the body. This removes the antibodies from the plasma that are Atta king the nerves. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy involves injecting the immunoglobulin , which are the proteins that body makes to identify the pathogens. This help decreases the immune system’s attack on nerves. Supportive treatment is also given and rehab including physical and occupational therapy may be required. But the recovery may take a long time.

Way forward: Since , the reason for this Syndrome is contaminated food and water , so we must have to keep these things away from our house. WHO has also said that GBS is life threatening. People suffering from this disease may be monitored and cured as early as possible. If you experience sudden muscle that gets worsen in few days , contact immediately to doctor.

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Shashwat Tripathi

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Thursday, January 23, 2025

Synthesis and Characterisation of Non-Fullerene based Photovoltaics

96.1) Introduction

Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are a scalable way of gathering solar energy that uses carbon-based materials to create electricity from sunlight via the photovoltaic effect. The potential advantages of OPVs over conventional silicon-based cells include lower cost, weight, flexibility, and large-area fabrication. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are a scalable way of gathering solar energy that uses carbon-based materials to create electricity from sunlight via the photovoltaic effect. The potential advantages of OPVs over conventional silicon-based cells include lower cost, weight, flexibility, and large-area fabrication. In an OPV cell's photoactive layer¹, an n-type absorbs electrons, and a p-type emits them. PC61BM and PC71BM Fullerenes were used as acceptor materials because of their high charge carrier capacity and electron affinity. Fullerenes have inherent restrictions, such as high synthesis costs, restricted electrical flexibility, and morphological instability due to heating. Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are developed for practical reasons. Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are developed for practical reasons. Perylene diimide (PDI), diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), and the A-D-A family² (Fig 1) have been the most successful and thoroughly researched NFAs. PCEs for PDI³, DPP, and A-D-A-based⁴ non-fullerene OPVs⁵ have been reported to be over 11%, 13%, and 19%, respectively. This review article focuses on compounds with high PCEs from three classes.

96.2) Discussion

PDI is a well-known and extensively researched NFA in OPVs due to its high electron affinity and mobility, variable energy levels, and excellent chemical, thermal, and photochemical stability. Tang and coworkers reported the first PDI-based acceptor in 1986, using bilayer heterojunction OPVs. Currently, the best PCE for PDI monomer-based OPV devices is 3.7% lower than fullerene-based OPVs. PDI's intrinsic planarity and intermolecular solid interactions lead to undesirable micrometer scale crystallinity. Large crystalline domains in the polymer blend restrict exciton splitting, resulting in decreased photocurrent and poor device performance. Investigations have concentrated on functionalizing the modifiable locations of the backbone to lower molecular crystallinity and generate better NFAs.

DPPs are a versatile dye that exhibits high absorption in the visible region and is photochemically stable. DPPs' high backbone planarity and strong intermolecular π-π stacking make them ideal for creating charge transfer systems. DPP⁶ molecules have strong electron affinity, high electron mobility, and low LUMO energy levels. DPP derivatives have been created and tested as NFAs for efficient OPV.

Using A-D-A acceptors has proven to be a very successful approach to NFAs. A-D-A-type NFAs have an electron-rich core (D) and two electron-deficient terminals (A). The D and A components can be adjusted independently to adjust the energy levels, bandgap, molecule packing, and other features. ITIC, the Zhan group reported that was one of the first examples of this type, and more recently, high-performing Y6⁷ are typical A-D-A type NFAs, with fused ladder-type arene as the backbone and electron-drawing units as the flanking arms. The planar skeletal structure⁸, organized π-π stacking, and improved optical absorption to the NIR range through the push-pull effect provide these molecules with high charge mobility. In order to create new A-D-A type NFAs, π-conjugated spacers, solvent-soluble sidechains⁹, electron-donating cores, and electron-drawing end groups must be made.

The A-D-A type structure of M3¹⁰ is made up of two 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene) malononitrile (IC-2F) end groups and a benzo [1,2-b:4,5 b’] bis(4-H-di-thieno[3,2-b:20,30-d] pyrrole) (BDTPT) core with four side chains branching to the p-conjugated central unit. To create the brominated compound C1, the end groups of the M3 acceptor are altered by replacing the IC-2F end group with the mono-brominated IC-Br (Fig 1). Compound C2 is then created by replacing the IC-Br with 3-ethyl rhodanine end groups (Fig 2). Solar cells made using the mono-brominated acceptor C1 and the conjugated polymer PM6 demonstrated power conversion efficiencies of up to 11.6%, whereas solar cells based on the latter NFA only had very low efficiencies. The normalized absorption spectra of C1, C2, and the reference molecule M3 are displayed in Fig. 3. The absorbance peaks' maxima in solution were discovered to be 603 nm, 742 nm, and 744 nm, respectively. The three peaks in the solid state were moved toward longer wavelengths, peaking at 779 nm for M3, 797 nm for C1, and 624 nm for C2 thin films. When comparing M3 and C1, the steeper absorption edge of C1 suggests that the clean C1 film's molecular packing is more ordered. The significantly steeper absorption edge of C1, when compared to M3^11,12, suggests that the pristine C1 film's molecular packing is more ordered.

Fig 1⁵ The chemical structures of fullerenes (PC61BM and PC71BM) and non-fullerene acceptors from the PDI, DPP, and A-D-A families (ITIC and Y6).

Fig 2¹⁰ The structures of (b) the reference acceptor M3, (c) the donors PM6 and PBDB-T, and (a) the synthetic pathway for the acceptor molecules C1 and C2.

Fig 3¹⁰ Normalized absorption spectra on glass substrates in thin films and solutions

OPV NFA can be discovered by integrating generative and predictive ML models¹³. In a generative machine learning model to learn chemical patterns and produce new molecules, the NFA chemical Target Synthesis method (Fig 4) starts with training the model using a dataset of roughly 50,000 NFA candidates from Lopez et al. Through the iterative incorporation of chemical laws, domain expertise was utilized to enhance the molecular structure via the generative models. In order to forecast HOMO/LUMO energy levels, the produced compounds were encoded as SMILES strings and fed into a predictive machine learning model that was trained using the same data set. A virtual screening criterion for identifying NFA candidates for synthesis was the computed PCE based on the anticipated HOMO/LUMO energy levels. Following multiple rounds of molecule synthesis and virtual screening, the molecular motif was determined using the chemical structure of the produced compounds as well as the computed PCE MS. Practical factors, including the availability of precursors and stricter synthetic requirements, were taken into account when manually creating molecules based on the molecular motif. We synthesized seven NFA candidates with different computed PCE MS. In order to validate the computed PCE MS, the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the NFA candidates were lastly measured via CV and UV-vis measurements.

Fig 4¹³ Schematic of the NFA Molecular Target Generation and Synthesis Workflow

TTE-PDI4 has a highly twisted molecular shape due to the free rotation of PDIs and nearby thiophene units. TTE-PDI4 undergoes ring fusion to produce FTTE-PDI4 (Fig 5), a more rigid molecule with more intramolecular stacking. Interestingly, TTE-PDI4 and FTTE-PDI4 have comparable energy levels, but their UV-Vis absorptions differ significantly. The latter exhibits high broad-band absorption with several abrupt peaks in the 300–600 nm range. TTE-PDI4 exhibits lesser absorption at long wavelengths even if its energy absorption start is lower. When combined with the polymer donor PFBDB-T, FTTE-PDI4 exhibits a larger photocurrent and, consequently, a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.6% than blends based on TTE-PDI4 (PCE of 3.8%). This is because of its higher absorption and enhanced stiffness. The blend devices' high fill factor is probably a result of FTTE-PDI4's increased stiffness. It is determined that there is room for improvement by lowering voltage losses.

Fullerene-free organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as leaders in the photovoltaic field due to their superior optical and electrical properties. The quantum chemical study centered on developing pentacyclic aromatic bislactam-based chromophores¹⁴ for extremely efficient OSCs. Eight molecules (PCLMD1-PCLMD8) were designed from a reference compound (PCLMR) with an A2-π-A1-π-D-π-A1-π-A2 configuration through end group redistribution with benzothiophene acceptors. A UV-Vis comparison of simulated and experimental PCLMR values led to selecting the MPW1PW916-31G(d,p) functional for the DFT approach. The photovoltaic properties of the chromophores were investigated using several techniques, including UV-Vis, FMOs, TDM, Voc, and DOS. Modification of peripheral acceptors resulted in considerable modifications in charge-transfer characteristics. The changes led to a lower exciton binding energy of 2.277 to 2.087 eV, a larger maximum absorption wavelength of 829 to 882 nm in the solvent phase, and a smaller bandgap of 1.746 to 1.868 eV.

Fig 5¹⁵ Synthetic route to TTE-PDI4 and FTTE-PDI4.

The results were compared with PCLMR, which had an exciton binding energy of 2.443 eV, a bandgap of 1.895 eV, and a maximum absorption wavelength of 813 nm. Significant charge dispersion between HOMO and LUMO was discovered in the hypothesized chromophores by the FMO research. All benzothiophene acceptor-based compounds (PCLMD1-PCLMD8) exhibited higher open-circuit voltage and electron and hole mobility rates compared to PCLMR. Benzothiophene acceptors with electron-drawing groups enhance charge transfer to acceptor components in organic solar cells (OSCs), improving the JSC and Voc values. The process broadens the absorbance spectrum as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital's (LUMO) energy level falls, while the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) normally remains unchanged. Molecular engineering with benzothiophene acceptor moieties can improve the solar efficiency of NF-based materials.

96.3) Conclusion

This review focuses on the structure-property connection, synthesis, and characterization of PDI, DPP, and A-D-A derivatives used to improve non-fullerene OPV performance¹⁶. In OPV devices, excessive PDI molecule self-aggregation reduces blend shape and efficiency. To minimize intermolecular packing, structural changes were made to the nitrogen, bay, and ortho positions of the PDI monomer. To prevent the over-aggregation¹⁷ of PDI derivatives in mixed films, consider creating twisted or star-shaped NFAs with several PDI monomers. Designing new twisted and star-shaped PDI derivatives requires considering the trade-off between electron transport and nanometer-sized phase-separated domains in PDI-based NFAs. The strong electron mobility and NIR light-absorbing capabilities of DPP-based NFAs attract non-fullerene OPVs. DPP-based small molecules can be further classified as DPP-cored acceptors or DPP-terminated acceptors based on their different molecular design strategies. DPP-based polymers¹⁸ in organic transistors have significant hole and electron mobilities and absorb near-infrared light like naphthalene diimide-based polymers, such as N2200.Consequently, non-fullerene OPVs may likewise benefit from the use of DPP polymers. The A-D-A type¹⁹ NFAs' solubility, crystallinity, and miscibility can be further adjusted by utilizing various side chains, end groups, and π-spacers. The current development of A-D-A NFAs still faces certain obstacles. Simple synthetic pathways should be developed to support economical and scalable materials. Because most A-D-A acceptors have narrow bandgaps and NIR absorption, designing wide bandgap donors with complementary absorption, well-matched energy levels, and the ideal blend shape is also necessary. Solar cells^17,20,21 with PM6:C1 absorber layer blends achieved up to 11.6% efficiency and a higher open circuit voltage of 0.914 V compared to PM6:M3-based solar cells (0.894 V), owing to the upshifted LUMO level of C1. PM6:M3 and PM6:C1 devices had similar high exciton dissociation probabilities. However, the PM6:C1 sample had reduced charge collection efficiency compared to the reference system PM6:M3. Computational methods using DFT and ML models plays crucial roles in predicting more efficient photovoltaic devices, which is experimentally proven. So, modern technology helps improve ongoing research.

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Adarsh Tiwari

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(21) Privado, M.; Dahiya, H.; De La Cruz, P.; Keshtov, M. L.; Langa, F.; Sharma, G. D. A Ternary Organic Solar Cell with 15.6% Efficiency Containing a New DPP-Based Acceptor. J Mater Chem C Mater 2021, 9 (45), 16272–16281. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02241e.

युवा आवेग

Thursday, August 7, 2025

The Silent Storm: Living Through the Agony of Migraine

125.1) A Pain That Consumes

125.2) Not Just Pain, But Paralysis

125.3) The Science Behind the Storm

125.4) The Emotional Toll

125.5) Treatment: Relief, Not Cure

125.6) A Call for Understanding

125.7) Life Between Attacks

Thursday, February 20, 2025

Development in Quantitative Relationship Models: Nature Perpective

100.1) Fundamentals of QSAR/QSPR Models

100.2) Development

100.3) Approaches

100.4) Applications

100.5) Challenges

100.6) Conclusion

Thursday, February 6, 2025

GBS SYNDROME: A new member knocking at door

Thursday, January 23, 2025

Synthesis and Characterisation of Non-Fullerene based Photovoltaics

96.1) Introduction

96.2) Discussion

96.3) Conclusion

References

The Silent Storm: Living Through the Agony of Migraine

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