India is the world's third-largest dam builder, with more than 6,300 big dams. These buildings are essential for flood control, hydropower, irrigation, and water supply. But as of 2025, the country is confronted with a variety of dam management issues, including safety issues, geopolitical conflicts, and hazards associated with climate change.

115.1) National Dam Safety and Rehabilitation Efforts

India has taken important steps in recognition of the vital need of dam safety, including:

1) The goal of the world's largest dam repair initiative, the Dam repair and Improvement Project (DRIP), is to improve the performance and safety of already-existing dams.

2) The 2021 Dam Safety Act: This act, which was passed in order to create a comprehensive framework for dam safety, gave rise to the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA), which is in charge of monitoring dam safety policies and procedures nationwide. 

115.2) Regional Developments and Challenges

115.3) Geopolitical Implications: Indus Water Treaty Suspension

115.4) Conclusion 

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Introduction:

The International Booker Prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards, celebrating outstanding fiction translated into English. Over the years, it has recognized voices from across the globe, highlighting literature’s power to transcend borders.

In 2025, history was made when Banu Mushtaq, a Kannada-language writer, won the award for her poignant novel Heart Lamp. This victory was a landmark moment—not only for Kannada literature but for Indian regional languages as a whole. With powerful storytelling and deeply resonant themes, Heart Lamp illuminated the struggles, resilience, and triumphs of women, marking a new era in global literary appreciation.

Award Ceremony Details:

The International Booker Prize 2025 was awarded to Banu Mushtaq for her book Heart Lamp at a grand ceremony held on May 20, 2025, at Tate Modern in London. This historic win marked the first time a Kannada-language book received this prestigious honor.

About the International Booker Prize:

The International Booker Prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards, recognizing outstanding works of fiction translated into English. It was established to celebrate the art of translation and highlight global literary voices.

●       The prize is awarded annually to a book translated into English and published in the UK or Ireland.

●       The £50,000 prize money is split equally between the author and the translator, emphasizing the importance of translation in bringing diverse stories to a global audience.

●       The award has helped introduce readers to powerful narratives from different cultures, making literature more accessible worldwide.

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Banu Mushtaq’s Journey:

Born in Karnataka, Banu Mushtaq has been a fierce literary voice advocating for women’s rights and social justice. Her works, primarily written in Kannada, explore themes of identity, resistance, and storytelling as a means of empowerment.

Mushtaq’s journey to the International Booker Prize was filled with challenges. As a writer working in a regional language, breaking into the global literary scene was difficult. However, her dedication and the universal appeal of her narratives garnered attention beyond borders. The translation of Heart Lamp into English by Deepa Bhasthi played a crucial role in making Mushtaq’s work accessible to a worldwide audience.

The Significance of Heart Lamp:

Heart Lamp is not just a novel—it is a reflection of the lives of women navigating societal constraints, dreams, and resistance against oppression. Through its powerful prose, the book explores:

●       Women’s struggles and empowerment: Mushtaq’s characters reflect the real challenges faced by women in patriarchal societies, offering a voice to the voiceless.

●       Identity and resilience: The novel intricately delves into themes of identity, self-discovery, and survival.

●       Cultural and historical depth: Grounded in Kannada traditions, Heart Lamp presents a rich tapestry of emotions and experiences that resonate universally.

The novel’s depth and relevance played a key role in its recognition by the International Booker Prize jury, highlighting its importance beyond language and geography.

The Impact of the Win:

Mushtaq’s victory marks a significant milestone in literary history. Her win has:

●       Elevated Kannada literature on a global stage, proving that regional languages hold profound stories that deserve recognition.

●       Encouraged translations of Indian regional texts, making diverse narratives more accessible to international audiences.

●       Opened doors for future Kannada writers to aspire for global literary success.

The recognition of Heart Lamp also sends a strong message—literature has the power to bridge cultures, bring unheard voices to the forefront, and challenge existing narratives.

Conclusion:

Banu Mushtaq’s International Booker Prize win is more than an individual achievement; it is a collective victory for Kannada literature, regional languages, and the power of storytelling. Her success reaffirms literature’s ability to break barriers, inspire change, and touch lives across the world.

As Heart Lamp continues to captivate readers globally, Mushtaq’s legacy grows stronger, reminding us that stories—especially those that speak truth and advocate for justice—will always find their way into the hearts of people, regardless of language or geography.

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Praveen Kumar Maurya

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On the midnight of 9^th and 10^th May 2025, the Pakistan Airforce started sending the explosive Songar drones of Turkey. ( It was the retaliation by Pakistan to the drones which were sent by the Indian air force during the day. The Indian drones have destroyed many places in Pakistan, including the stadium of Rawalpindi, due to which the game of the Pakistan Super League has been suspended. The Turkish drones are very dangerous during the proxy war as well as fighting with any nation, but the 3 to 4 level security of the Indian air force retaliated against all of them very successfully at a rate of 99 to 100.  This was the first time the world had seen the defense power of Bharat. When all the drones were wrecked, the Indian Air Force, with its fighter jets like Sukhoi MK and Rafale, using the supersonic cruise missile, destroyed about 10 bases of the Pakistan army and Air force. This was very huge blow to Pakistan because its Noor Khan base and Rawalpindi base are very important bases for their defense. The base near Kirana hills containing Nukes was also disturbed, due to which leakage has started. It was also reported that Pakistan has used its intercontinental ballistic missile Fateh 2  with Delhi as a target. But it was intercepted successfully near the Amritsar base of Bharat.

This work was being done in front of the world, but behind the scenes, a new script was already being written for the future of this war. At 2 pm on 11 May, the Indian government announced that any attack on the citizens of India by Pakistan would be considered as an act of war.

 On May 11, the new CHAUDHARY of the World, Donald Trump, at 3:20 pm, announced that he had successfully brokered a ceasefire between the two nuclear-capable nations. He said that ministers of both nations have demanded that he do so. At 5 pm, the Foreign Secretary of Bharat announced that a ceasefire has been declared between the two nations. Later the Director General of Military Operations of Air force , Navy and Indian army gave briefing about the war that how Indian armed forces were successful in their mission . They gave the proof of all the retaliation done by Indian force. They gave description about mainly the attack of 9^th may on 11^th of may but on the 12^th may They gave overall briefing of all the days . One special thing about the briefing of 11^th may was that it was started with SHIVA TANDAVA STROTAM . Air marshal A K Bharti was leading the whole mission of the air force . So he was also the main spokesperson during the press briefing. A reporter asked him about the casualties of the ammunition of Pakistani forces . He with a slight smile answered that our work is to get them down and their work is to count the casualties.  Rear Admiral of navy AN Pramod, told that navy was in full mood to attack on ports of Pakistan but ceasefire stopped them.  But he said that navy was an important part of this mission also.  

The briefing of 12^th may was started with YACHNA NAHI AB RANN HOGA BY Shri Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ji .

On 12^th May the press briefings of DGMOs were done in the New Delhi.  This briefing was started by Lieutenant General Shri Rajiv Ghai . He told that The jawans of the Border security force were very actively retaliated the opposition forces . He gave a popular statement used by the Australian Cricket team during 1970s and 1980s . He gave a statement regarding the strong defense system of the Indian Armed Forces . He said that if  anyone doubts on our forces one thing about the operation I want to say that it was a 3 to 4 layer security that no weapon of enemy can remain safe . He also said that Ashes to ashes, dust to dust, if Thommo don’t get ya, Lillie must.”. He want to explain that if you would cross one security level then another is waiting for you. When reporters asked about the strategy for next war then Shri Bharti said that our bases are working very smoothly and we are always ready for the war . On the aggressive nature of the songs played . Bharti ji gave answer by using a DOHA of Shri ramcharitmanas  . He said that …

बिनय न मानत जलधि जड़ गए तीनि दिन बीति।

बोले राम सकोप तब भय बिनु होइ न प्रीति॥

He said that without aggression nothing can be achieved.

On 12^th May , at 8 PM , Shri Narendra Modi the honorable prime minister has released a video about praising the Indian army and support of all the Indians . He said that the way of peace goes from the way of strength and aggression.  Without these two things the peace is not possible . He also warned to Pakistan that “ talk and terror cannot go together , terror and trade cannot go together , water and blood cannot flow together .The talk to Pakistan will only be done on the topic of POK only .

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🎯 Introduction

In May 2025, the longstanding tensions between India and Pakistan escalated dramatically following a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, which claimed the lives of 26 civilians. India attributed the attack to Pakistan-based militant groups, prompting a robust military response. Central to India's strategy was the deployment of advanced missile systems to neutralize threats and assert its defensive capabilities.

🚀 India's Missile Arsenal in Action

1. SCALP Cruise Missiles

During "Operation Sindoor," the Indian Air Force (IAF) utilized SCALP cruise missiles launched from Rafale fighter jets to strike terrorist camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Pakistan's Punjab province. Targets included locations in Bahawalpur and Muridke, believed to be strongholds of Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. The precision of the SCALP missiles allowed India to conduct these strikes without entering Pakistani airspace.

2. AASM Hammer Bombs

Complementing the SCALP missiles, the IAF deployed AASM Hammer precision-guided bombs during the operation. These munitions enhanced the accuracy of the strikes, ensuring minimal collateral damage while effectively neutralizing the intended targets.

3. SkyStriker Loitering Munitions

The Indian Army employed Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions to target specific threats within enemy territory. These drones provided real-time intelligence and precision strike capabilities, further augmenting India's offensive operations.

4. S-400 'Sudarshan' Air Defense System

The S-400 Triumf, designated as 'Sudarshan' by India, is one of the world’s most advanced long-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems. It was developed by Russia’s Almaz Central Design Bureau and manufactured by Almaz-Antey, designed to intercept aircraft, drones, cruise missiles, and even ballistic missiles at a range of up to 400 kilometers. In anticipation of retaliatory strikes, India activated its S-400 'Sudarshan' air defense systems. These systems successfully intercepted and neutralized multiple Pakistani drones and missiles aimed at strategic locations across northern and western India, including Amritsar and Jammu.

5. Akash Surface-to-Air Missiles

The Akash missile system, a medium-range surface-to-air missile, was instrumental in defending Indian airspace. Notably, on May 7, an Akash missile shot down a Pakistani JF-17 Thunder fighter jet attempting to engage IAF aircraft over the Kashmir region.

🛰️ Countering Pakistani Aerial Offensives

In response to India's operations, Pakistan launched a series of drone and missile attacks targeting Indian military installations. India's integrated air defense network, comprising the S-400 and Akash systems, effectively thwarted these incursions, maintaining air superiority and safeguarding critical assets.

🔍 Conclusion

The 2025 conflict underscored the pivotal role of advanced missile systems in modern warfare. India's strategic deployment of its missile arsenal not only neutralized immediate threats but also demonstrated its commitment to defending national sovereignty. As regional dynamics continue to evolve, the emphasis on technological superiority and precision in defense strategies remains paramount.

Note: This article is based on information available as of May 9, 2025. For the latest updates, please refer to official defense communications and reputable news sources.

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The human body's specialised glands create hormones, which are biochemical messengers. After being released straight into the bloodstream, these molecules reach their intended organs and tissues, where they control a variety of physiological functions. Hormones are essential for preserving homeostasis, or the internal balance of the organism, which affects everything from development and metabolism to mood and reproduction.

111.1) Hormone-Producing Glands

Numerous glands that create distinct kinds of hormones make up the human endocrine system:

1) The pituitary gland, also known as the "master gland," secretes a number of hormones that control other endocrine glands. These consist of:

    1.1) Growth hormone (GH): Promotes cell division and growth.

    1.2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

    1.3) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Encourages the production of thyroid hormone.

2) The thyroid gland, which is situated in the neck, generates hormones that control metabolism.

    2.1) Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4): Affect development and raise metabolic rate.

    2.2) Calcitonin: Assists in controlling blood calcium levels.

3) Parathyroid Glands: These tiny glands, which are located behind the thyroid, generate:

    3.1) By promoting bone resorption, parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises calcium levels in the blood.

4) The adrenal glands, which are situated above the kidneys, are responsible for the production of many hormones.

    4.1) Cortisol: Aids in metabolic regulation and the body's reaction to stress.

    4.2) Aldosterone: Regulates blood pressure by bringing potassium and salt levels into balance.

    4.3) The body is primed for "fight or flight" reactions by the chemicals adrenaline (epinephrine) and             noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

5) The pancreas is a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

    5.1) Insulin: Promotes the absorption of glucose into cells, lowering blood glucose levels.

    5.2) Glucagon: Encourages the liver to break down glycogen, which raises blood glucose levels.

6) The brain's pineal gland secretes the following:

    6.1) Melatonin: Controls the circadian rhythm, or sleep-wake cycle.

7) Sex glands, or gonads:

    7.1) Female ovaries: Generate progesterone and oestrogen, which control secondary sexual traits, the             menstrual cycle, and reproductive function.

    7.2) Male testes: Generate testosterone, which is in charge of sperm production and secondary sexual             characteristics in males.

8) Thymus: During the early stages of life, it generates:

    8.1) Thymosin: Essential for the immunological response, it plays a role in the formation of T-cells.

111.2) Hormones and Human Emotions:

A number of hormones have significant impacts on human emotions and mental health in addition to controlling bodily functions.  These consist of:

1) Dopamine: Often referred to as the "reward hormone," dopamine is linked to motivation, pleasure, and the reward system in the brain. Feelings of contentment and happiness are influenced by an increase in dopamine.

2) Often referred to as the "feel-good hormone," serotonin plays a role in mood, hunger, and sleep regulation.  Anxiety and sadness are associated with low serotonin levels.

3) Frequently called the "love hormone" or "bonding hormone," oxytocin fosters emotions of empathy, trust, and social bonding. It is released during nursing, childbirth, and hugs.

4) Natural medications that also provide a feeling of euphoria are called endorphins.  Exercise, laughter, and great delight all cause the release of endorphins.

5) Cortisol: Despite being predominantly a stress hormone, prolonged exposure to elevated cortisol levels can cause despair, anxiety, and irritability.

6) Adrenaline (Epinephrine): This hormone can cause sensations of thrill or anxiety and is released in response to excitement or fear.  Although it primes the body for rapid response, persistent stress can also make people anxious.

7) Changes in the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, particularly during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, can affect mood, irritability, and emotional sensitivity.

8) Testosterone: Known for its influence on masculine physical characteristics, testosterone also has an impact on aggression, mood, and confidence.  Emotional balance can be affected by both high and low levels.

111.3) Functions and Importance

Coordinating intricate body processes requires hormones.  For instance:

111.3.1) Insulin and thyroid hormones control metabolism.

111.3.2) Growth hormone and sex hormones regulate growth and development.

111.3.3) Sex hormones, such as oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, regulate reproduction.

111.3.4) Adrenaline and cortisol control stress reactions.

111.3.5) Hormones such as serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin have a significant impact on emotions and mental health.

111.4) Hormonal Imbalance

Excessive or insufficient hormone production can cause a number of health problems. For instance:

111.4.1) Insulin resistance or insufficiency causes diabetes mellitus.

111.4.2) Thyroid hormone imbalances are the cause of both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

111.4.3) There is an excess of cortisol in Cushing's syndrome.

111.4.4) Reproductive hormone abnormalities are associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

111.4.5) Serotonin, dopamine, and other mood-regulating hormone abnormalities are frequently linked to emotional illnesses like sadness, anxiety, and mood swings.

111.5) Conclusion

The human body cannot function properly without hormones. They are produced by the endocrine system and control essential functions like development, metabolism, reproduction, emotions, and stress reactions. Hormones have an impact on emotional stability and mental health in addition to physical health. Knowing how these potent compounds work aids in enhancing quality of life, identifying illnesses, and encouraging health.

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Adarsh Tiwari

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The Indus Water Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960, has long been a cornerstone of water-sharing diplomacy between India and Pakistan. Brokered by the World Bank, the treaty allocates the waters of the Indus River system, with Pakistan receiving control over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) which accounts for the majority (80%) of the water flow and India over the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej). Despite the tumultuous history of the two nations, the treaty has endured as a symbol of cooperation. However, the recent Pahalgam terrorist attack has cast a shadow over this agreement, raising questions about its future.

The Pahalgam Attack: A Catalyst for Change

On April 22, 2025, a devastating terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, claimed the lives of 26 individuals, including tourists and locals. The attack, attributed to Pakistan-based terrorist groups, has reignited tensions between the two nations. In response, India announced the suspension of the Indus Water Treaty, marking a significant departure from its previous stance of maintaining the treaty despite conflicts.

The decision to suspend the treaty was made during a high-level Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) meeting chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The government cited Pakistan's continued support for cross-border terrorism as a breach of the treaty's terms, which require both parties to act in good faith. This move has been described as a strategic shift, leveraging water as a tool of diplomacy and pressure.

Implications for Pakistan

The suspension of the Indus Water Treaty poses significant challenges for Pakistan. The Indus River system is a lifeline for the country, supporting agriculture, drinking water, and industry. Approximately 80% of Pakistan's water resources come from the western rivers allocated under the treaty. The disruption of water flow could lead to severe agricultural crises, economic instability, and social unrest, particularly in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh, which rely heavily on these waters.

Pakistan has labeled India's decision an "act of war," escalating tensions further. The country has warned that any attempt to divert water meant for Pakistan would be met with strong retaliation. This rhetoric underscores the high stakes involved in the suspension of the treaty.

India's Perspective

For India, the suspension of the treaty is a statement of resolve against terrorism. By holding Pakistan accountable for its actions, India aims to send a clear message that cross-border terrorism will not be tolerated. The move also reflects a broader strategy to use all available means, including water resources, to counteract threats to national security.

Critics, however, argue that the suspension could backfire, leading to increased hostilities and undermining India's position as a responsible global actor. The decision also raises questions about the long-term viability of using water as a tool of diplomacy.

The Future of the Indus Water Treaty

The Pahalgam attack has brought the Indus Water Treaty to a crossroads. The treaty, which has survived wars and political upheavals, now faces its most significant challenge. The suspension raises critical questions: Can the treaty be revived as a symbol of cooperation, or will it become a casualty of escalating tensions?

The international community has a role to play in mediating this crisis. The World Bank, as a guarantor of the treaty, may need to step in to facilitate dialogue between the two nations. However, the path forward is fraught with uncertainty, as both India and Pakistan grapple with the implications of their actions.

Conclusion:

The Pahalgam attack has underscored the intricate interplay between water diplomacy and national security. The suspension of the Indus Water Treaty marks a turning point in India-Pakistan relations, with far-reaching implications for both nations. As the world watches, the future of the treaty—and the broader dynamics of South Asia—hangs in the balance. Whether this moment leads to renewed cooperation or further conflict remains to be seen, but its significance cannot be overstated.

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Praveen Kumar Maurya

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What is the news? Recently,  on 8^th April 2025 , honourable Supreme court of India gave a landmark decision about the withholding of the bills passed by the state legislature . The court also mentioned some time limits regarding the holding of bill.

The matter and the role of nominated representative : Generally it is seen that when the Governors and the state governments belong to same political party  then the administration as well as the functioning of the government runs in a proper and smooth manner . But when both of them are from different political parties there is always a clash of thoughts . Similar matter was seen between the Governor of Tamil Nadu and its state government headed by MK Stalin . The Stalin government has passed about 10 bills and sent to the Governor Shri T N RAVI . But the Governor had held the bill till December 2023. When the Stalin government moved to the Supreme court on 18^th December 2023, on the same day The Governor sent all the bills to the President.  Out of 10 bills, 7 bills were cancelled by  her and 1 bill was given permission, and two bills were not considered by The President.

This matter was very deeply discussed for more than 2 years in front of various benches of the Supreme Court. On 8^th April 2025 , the two-judge bench of the Supreme Court, represented by Justice J B Pardiwala and R Mahadevan, gave a landmark decision. I will discuss the designs by the Supreme court, but before the decisions, let’s know about some articles and role of the Governor according to various intellectuals. 

Article 163 discusses about the power of the governor

Article 200 says that “ When a bill has been passed by state  assembly or in case of legislative council has been passed by both the houses , it shall be presented to the Governor and the Governor shall declare either that he assents to  the bill  or that he withholds  the assent therefrom or that he reserves the bill for the consideration of the President .

Some thoughts about the role of governors …….

As discussed earlier , the governor always acts as a bone of contention for the government which belongs to the opposite political thoughts . Our intellectuals have given very important thoughts regarding the governor which is mentioned below ……

1.        Shri Jawahar Lal Nehru ji  favoured the appointment of eminent academicians from outside politics and Other outstanding and impartial people from other walks of life as governors .

2.        B N RAU ( constitutional advisor to the constituent assembly )  favoured that Governor to be elected by provincial legislature by secret vote.

3.        Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel  said that the Governor should be elected by the people of the state for a term of four years and could be impeached for misbehaviour.

4.        J P Narayan  suggested that Governor to be made by the President from a panel of four persons selected by assembly and member of parliaments of the concerned state.

5.        Ambedkar  said that Governor is just a figure head . We should not spend time and money for his election . Governor would not represent ruling party at the centre but people of state .

6.        T T Krishnamachari suggested that Chief minister must have veto power above the Governor.

7.        Supreme court in the Raghukul tilak case of 1979  said that Governors are not the employee of centre but hold high constitutional office .

8.        Miguel de Cervantes suggested that The Good Governors must have broken leg and keep at home .

9.        Many other intellectuals also suggested that Governor having a faint presence like a full moon on midday . Governor must be present for consulting the government , warning the government and also to encourage the state.

Elected representative must have more powers than the nominated one .

As per 7^th schedule of the Constitution,  states should be free to legislate on 66 subjects under state list .

In the famous case of State of Punjab vs principal secretary to the Governor of Punjab 2013 , Supreme court suggested that Real power vests with elected representatives of people in a parliamentary form of Government.  The Governor as an appointee is a titular ahead of the state .

About discretion

Discretion has the meaning of acting on one’s own authority and judgment. In law, discretion as to legal rulings, such as whether evidence is excluded at a trial, may be exercised by a judge.

Some thoughts regarding the discretion……

10.                    According to  Edward coke …. Discretion is a science – discerning between falsity  and truth , between right and wrong , is not According to the will and private affection . Absolute Discretion is however is a blassphemy.

11.                    According to Justice William  Doughlas of Supreme court of United states ( United states vs Wunderlich – 1951) …….. where discretion is absolute , man has always suffered.  Absolute discretion is ruthless master (which is) more destructive of freedom than any of man’s other inventions .

12.                    Discretion means choosing from amongst various available alternatives with reference to the rules of reason and justice not personal whims.

13.                    Discretion is to exercised with caution and in a reasonable manner.

14.                    Discretion cannot be dictated . It is to be exercised after a proper application of mind to the facts and circumstances of the case at hand .

15.                    Discretion cannot be exercised for improper purpose or with a bad faith or by taking into account irrelevant consideration.

16.                    Discretion cannot be exercised in an arbitrary or whimsical manner.

Why are we discussing more about discretion…..

Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to pass any order or decree necessary for complete justice in any pending case before it. This power is discretionary and unique to the apex court.

Using this such an important article , Supreme court gave the landmark decision which is discussed below ……

17.                    Honourable Supreme court  gave a statement and said that prolonged action over 10 important bills by Tamil Nadu governor is UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

18.                    The decision about the bills by the President was declared as void by the Apex court .

19.                    Justice Pardiwala also said that a governor must be a friend , guide and a philosopher to a State not as a hindrance.  The Governor is envisaged aa a sagacious counsellor . The court also said that the Governor must look within themselves and reflect whether their actions were in line with the Constitutional ethos and aspirations of the people . Delaying assent indefinitely on bills passed by state legislature reduced the effectiveness of these laws.

20.                    The Governor’s conduct was erroneous , arbitrary , non- est(non existant) in law.

21.                    The Governor acted as a roadblock by delaying actions on the bills sent him for consent by assembly under article 200 of the Constitution.

22.                    The Governor has no right to use pocket veto and delaying the bill.

The Supreme court has given a time limit but in our Constitution no such a time limit is mentioned . The Supreme court in very harsh  language  said that….

1.                  A Governor has maximum of one month to withhold the assent on the aid and advice of the State Cabinet.

2.                  If he withholds assent contrary to the cabinets advice , he has maximum of three months to return the bill with specifying the reasons .

3.                  The governor has three months to reserve a bill for President’s consideration against advice of the state cabinet .

4.                  Governor must grant assent to a bill repassed by the cabinet within a month under article 200.

5.                  A Governor cannot exercise his personal discretion if a house passed the same bill again and returned it to him for consent.

6.                  Any failure by the Governor to comply with the timeliness would invite for a JUDICIAL REVIEW.

The Stalin government has welcomed the decision while the NDA government is going towards Supreme court  to review it’s decision….

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The word Waqf is related to Muslim law. If any person wants to do ate it's property (movable or immovable) for a religious or charitable purpose, permanently in the name of God or Allah. Then the property is made as a waqf. The person who donates his or her property is known as WAQIF.But if a property is made as waqf, then there is no method by which the property can be taken back. So, once a waqf, always waqf. The transfer of ownership is permanent, and it goes to the State Waqf Board.  The state waqf board decides how to use that property for various purposes like making mosques, madrasas, graveyards, etc. To manage the property or waqf a caretaker or the manager is appointed, known as MUTAWWALI. The Mutawwali can neither sell nor transfer the property but he or she can generate the income from those properties. Out of the income generated,  7 percent goes to the state waqf boards. There are more than 30 waqf boards in Bharat, and the members are nominated by the respective state governments. While at the central level,  the Waqf councils are present . The disputes for any property are resolved by the Waqf tribunal.

An Overview of Waqf History in India

Waqf properties in India have been regulated by several laws to improve administration and prevent mismanagement:

The Mussalman Waqf Validating Act, 1913:

·     Allowed Muslims to create Waqfs for family benefit, eventually leading to charitable purposes.

·     Aimed to improve Waqf management but was not very effective.

·     The Mussalman Waqf Act, 1923

·      Introduced rules for proper accounting and transparency in Waqf management.

The Mussalman Waqf Validating Act, 1930:

 Strengthened the legal validity of family Waqfs, giving legal backing to the 1913 Act.

The Waqf Act, 1954:

·     Created State Waqf Boards (SWBs) for the first time to oversee Waqf properties.

·     Strengthened Waqf management after India’s independence.

·     Established the Central Waqf Council of India in 1964 to supervise State Waqf Boards and provided a pathway toward the centralisation of Waqfs.

·     This central body oversees the work under various state Waqf boards which were established under provisions of Section 9(1) of the Waqf Act, 1954.

Amendments to the Waqf Act, 1954 (1959, 1964, 1969, and 1984):

·     These amendments aimed to further improve the administration of waqf properties.

The Waqf Act, 1995:

·     This comprehensive Act repealed the 1954 Act and its amendments:

·     This was enacted to govern the administration of Waqf Properties in India.

·     It provides for the power and functions of the Waqf Council, the State Waqf Boards, and the Chief Executive Officer, and also the duties of mutawalli.

·     Created Waqf Tribunals, special courts with powers similar to civil courts.

·     Tribunal decisions are final and cannot be challenged in civil courts.

·     In 2005 , a committee was formed by UPA government under former justice Rajendra Sachar which is popularly known as SACHAR COMMITTEE . This committee was made regarding the social , cultural and educational condition of Muslim of Bharat . The Sachar committee submitted it’s report in 2006 on the status and potential of Waqf properties.  Some very shocking points were seen such as there are about 4.9 lakh registered Waqf in India having area of 6 lakh acres. It’s book value was shown about 6000 crore only but at that time it’s market value was about 1.2 lakh crores . The Waqf properties were mainly concentrated at West Bengal(148200 acres) and in Uttar Pradesh (122839 acres ) . On these properties ,only 168 crore income was generated annually with 0.27 percent return but sachar committee told that  at least 12000 crore income can be generated with 10 percent of annual return.  It showed a very huge corruption , under utilization and mismanagement of waqf properties.  Sachar committee suggested some Reforms which are as follow :

·     Stricter rules for mutawallis

·     Digital record keeping

·     Women representation must be allowed

·     Non Muslim professionals must be in the council and board so that the properties can be managed in the better way

·     Survey of the properties in every 6 months

The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced significant changes including:

·     Created three-member Waqf Tribunals, including a Muslim law expert.

·     Required two women members on each State Waqf Board.

·     Prohibited the sale or gifting of Waqf properties.

·     Increased the lease period of Waqf properties from 3 years to 30 years for better use.

·     On 8^th August 2024 , the Union minister of minority affairs Shri Kiren Rijiju ji presented two bills in front of The Speaker of Lok Sabha which were named as

·     Waqf (amendment ) Bill , 2024

Mussalman Wakf (Repeal ) Bill , 2024

The bills were presented for better management and development of Waqf properties,  clear rules and smoother functioning of the Board . But due to  demand by opposition MPs the bills were sent to Joint parliamentary committee headed by Shri Jagdambika Pal ji . The JPC discussed with various public experts stakeholders,  and different organisation of Muslims . The committee submitted it’s report on 30^th January 2025 . It had recommended 25 suggestions or improvement in the bills which were added at that time .

On 3^rd April 2025 it was presented in front of Lok Sabha . It was passed by 288 – 232 majority . While in Rajya Sabha it was presented on 4^th April 2025 , it was passed with majority of 128- 95 . On 6^th April 2025 , the Bill was made an act after the final signature of Honorable President of India.

·     CONTROVERSIES RELATED TO THE PREVIOUS BILLS AND THE IMPROVEMENT DONE IN PRESENT BILL :

·     Before 6^th April the non Muslims can also donate their properties as waqf but in new Bill those persons who are practicing Islam for at least 5 years only they can donate their land as waqf.

·     Waqf by user : One of the most controversial point of the previous acts . If a property is used for prayer , mosque or any other religious purpose of Muslims  for a long time , it will become automatically as waqf . Now , the official declaration will be required to claim any property as waqf .

·     The Government land enactment : About 5973 Government properties has been enacted by 25 state waqf boards . These properties have no any official document . Now , these properties will be verified by the District collector of that area . If official record exist that the land belongs to State waqf board then it will be given to them . If the documents of those properties are not present then the properties will be occupied by the Government.

·     Before 6^th April,  the survey commissioner was appointed by waqf boards but expense were given by state governments.  The survey commissioner submitted it's report to State government and State Waqf Boards.  After this a gazette notification was issued by State government about that property , in the case of controversy the accused person has only 1 year of limitation period to challenge the property as himself . If one year was completed the property automatically became Waqf .

Limitation act of 1963 says that in case of individual property , time period to file a case is 12 years while in case of government property one can appeal with in 30 years .(exception was waqf )

Section 107 of Waqf act says that nothing contained in Limitation act 1963 shall apply to any suit for possession of immovable property comprised in any waqf or for the possession of any interest in such property.

Now , section 107 has been removed and the limitation period has became 12 years .

·     The property disputes were mainly solved by waqf tribunal . It’s decision was final and no one can go to high court or Supreme court against it . Only in the case of legal error or violation of Constitution one can appeal to Supreme court or high court. Now , if the person is not satisfied by tribunal then he or she can appeal in the highe court within 90 days .

·     Waqf Alal aulad (inheritance rights) : In a family of Muslim if there were no male heir (legal heir ) , the property was submitted to waqf automatically . The females were not considered as a legal heir in the family . Now , the females will also consider as a legal heir , equal rights and equal share will be given the them also.

·     In waqf Council: There are 22 members in which all of them were males and belonged to Muslim community . Now , 2 member will be non Muslim and 2 female members will also included in the council . The non Muslim members will be restricted solely to the administration of charity related matters only .

·     In Waqf board : There are 11 members in which all of them were males and belonged to Muslim community only . Now , 2 members will be non Muslim and 2 women will also be included in the Board members . Non Muslims will be restricted solely to the administration of charity related matters only .

·     In waqf tribunal: There were  a Muslim law expert , a State officer of Additional District Magistrate rank and a District/sessional / civil class 1 judge were present . Now , a current of former judge will be as chairman of the tribunal , a current or former joint secretary  of state government will be present in the tribunal  .

The waqf is definitely a part of Muslim personal law but state waqf boards and waqf council are a part of property dispute and the government can do a Change in it .

Team Yuva Aaveg-

Shashwat

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