Thursday, September 28, 2023

Deteriorating India -Canada Relations

 





          Canada has not yet offered any definitive evidence of India complicity in the killing of a Sikh separatist leader, Hardeep Singh Nijjar, in British Columbia in June. Prime minister Justin Trudeau's recent parliamentary statement noted credible "allegations" of a "potential" Indian link to the assassination. But putting aside the veracity of Canada's claims, the downturn in Indo-Canadian relations points to signs of a more assertive Indian foreign policy.

   The Canadian government expelled a Senior Indian Diplomat shortly after Trudeau's comments; India swifty retaliated by issuing a statement that denied any involvement in Nijjar's death and expelled an unnamed Senior Canadian diplomat.

    "Today's allegations have dealt a major blow to the relationship; the damage to the relationship will be easily repaired", says Brahma Chellaney on 19 sept., a former adviser to India's National Security Council, based in New Delhi.


Who was Hardeep Singh Nijjar -

           Nijjar was an outspoken supporter of the creation of a Separate Sikh Homeland known as Khalistan, which would include parts of India's Punjab state. 

     The Khalistan movement is outlawed in India and considered a national security threat by the government. A number of groups associated with the movement are listed as "terrorist organizations" under India's Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act (UAPA).

     Nijjar's name appears on the Home Ministry's list of UAPA terrorists and in 2020, the Indian National Investigation Agency accused him of "trying to radicalize the Sikh community across the world in favor of the creation of "Khalistan", adding that he had been "trying to incite Sikhs to vote for secession, agitate against the government of India and carry out violent activities." 

     Gurpatwant Singh Pannun told CNN that Nijjar was asked to be careful and avoid giving "big talks" or he would be targeted. CNN has reached out to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Punnun, who faces multiple charges from the Indian government, runs a New York- based outfit called "Sikhs for Justice", which has held referendums for a separate Khalistan state. The Organization is considered Unlawful in India, where its website is not accessible.

   Canadian police have not arrested anyone in connection with Nijjar's murder. But in an August update, police said they were investigating three suspects and issued a description of a gateway vehicle. 

      Current PM Justin Trudeau has failed to take action against a newwave of Khalistani activism in Canada. This is all about "Vote Bank" Politics. Trudeau heads a minority government which is backed by the New Democratic Party(NDP), headed by Jagmeet Singh, an arch-Khalistani. After the 2019 elections, Singh and Trudeau signed what has been dubbed as the confidence-and-supply agreement. 

     Recently when attacked by the opposition which wanted a probe into China's suspected interference in Canada's elections, Singh's NDP backed Trudeau. Confident of his backing from Trudeau, Singh has gone more aggressively in support of the Khalistani cause. For instance when the heat turned on Khalistani separatist Amritpal Singh in Punjab, Jagmeet knocked on Trudeau's door for support.

     Today the Khalistan movement is not about popular support, it is about geo-politics. Countries like China and Pakistan can well tolerate, subsidize and assist in various ways the Khalistan movement. However, as a new generation of Sikhs grows up in foreign shores with little personal memory of India, the movement is likely to further.

     Canada and India have several common interests, particularly the G-20 summit provides them a sustainable platform. Although in the 18th G-20 summit held in India, Canada didn't have any bilateral relationship or talk with India. The strong, open, deep diplomatic relation between Canada and India is the need of hour in order to expand their cooperation & coordination in all spheres of matters, particularly the India-Pacific issue & free navigation in the South China Sea against China's influence.

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(Praveen Kumar Maurya)


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Thursday, September 21, 2023

Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Bill) 2023



“Stop saluting women, they don't want to be saluted. They don't want to be put on pedestal. They don't want to be worshipped. They don't want to be called mothers, wives and sisters. They only want to be respected as EQUALS. Let them get down from the pedestal and walk as EQUALS.”

The Women's Reservation Bill is the 128 Constitutional Amendment Bill which will reserve one-third of all electoral seats for women in India, in the Lok Sabha, in the state legislative assemblies and in Union territories. The reservation will apply to reserve seats as well. Indian legislatures have seats reserved for backward communities like Scheduled Tribes and Schedule Castes and now one third of these reserved seats will also be reserved only for women from these communities.

 For India, this Women's Reservation bill was mandatory because politics has a gender problem in India. Women make up only 15% of Lok Sabha seats and 14% of Rajya Sabha seats. Indian states have same problem. At least 17 States have less than 10% women in their legislature. How can this problem be rectified in India? In an ideal world, the political parties would do more, they would put up more women candidates and they would cultivate more women leaders. Since this is not happening, India is batting on next best thing i.e. “Reservation”. In fact, we already provide reservations to women in local body elections of Panchayati Raj and Municipal elections and this quota has empowered women. India has around 3.2 million local representatives, 1.4 million of them are woman and 86,000 of them head their local bodies, take decisions on their own, implement and contribute at local level. In fact India is doing better than other countries, at least at local level. Around 44% of our representatives are women which are a much better number as compared to other leading democracies such as France, U.K, Germany and China. So, India's plan at local level has worked but as we grow up in the hierarchy, it hasn't. We have 28 states in India, only one of them has a female Chief Minister “only one in 28 states”. The goal is to correct this by extending the quota to all elected legislatures. “Elected” is the key here because this quota will be applied to Lok Sabha but not to Rajya Sabha; similarly it will apply to state assembly but not to state legislative councils. The bill calls for 3 steps in a particular order. At first census, second delimitation and then quota. India's last census was held in year 2011 the one in 2021 was delayed by the Wuhan Virus pandemic. So, the first step is to do another census and based on that redefine constituencies only then can the women's quota be implemented.

Women's Reservation Bill is a huge step forward and the roots of this proposal date back to the 1970's when it was found in a report that India has failed to ensure gender equality. This triggered a debate; several States began reserving seats for women. They thought it would solve the problem in 1980s. This idea got political backing in 1987 when Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi formed a committee on gender equality. This committee had 353 recommendations; one of them was women's quota. In 1992, this proposal was implemented partially, one third of the seats in the local bodies were reserved for women but state assembly & the Parliament were left untouched. In 1996, Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda actually went one step ahead he table the whole proposal 1/3 of seats in all elected bodies. Now most of the parties agreed to this idea but some hold out remain especially parties representing the OBC communities, the other backward classes and what their objection is that you see seats are reserved for SC and ST community but not for OBC, so fear is that OBC women would lose out. Upper cast women would dominate the quota and so the bill didn’t come into existence. Since then every Prime Minister in India has tried to revive this effort. Atal Bihari Vajpayee tried twice, no luck. On one occasion mp took from the minister’s hand & tore it up. Dr. Manmohan Singh also tried and he had partial luck in 2010, the Women's Reservation Bill was passed in Rajya Sabha but it never reached the Lok Sabha. So will this time be different, well women's quota was BJP's campaign promise both in 2014 and again in 2019 plus they have a brute majority in Parliament so no collination business which means the proposal will now be a reality & begin a new era of Indian democracy.

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Thursday, September 14, 2023

Matt Hancock


Matt Hancock is an politician of UK based who is handsome as well as brilliant. Since childhood, he was very active in outdoor games and popular among his friend circle. He was not much passionate about politics in his boyhood. Hancock was born in the year 1978 and celebrate his birthday on 2 October. He was born in Chester, England on 2 October, 1978.

He served as Conservative party Member of Parliament (MP) since 2010 as the representative of West Suffolk.  He was also the secretary of state for health and social care in 2018. He is the famous and successful UK politician. He is one of the richest politician who was born in England and ranked on the list of those famous people who were born on 2 October 1978.


25.1 Education and Career:-


When the questions arises  about his education, he did his primary education at Farndon country primary school in Farndon, Cheshire. Later, he studied computing at west Cheshire college.  

He passed his undergraduate degree in philosophy, economics and politics from Oxford University. Later he did his masters in Philosophy from Cambridge University.


25.2 Family background:-


Hancock became a member of the Conservative party in 1999. 

Talking about his parents, Hancock's father name is Michael Hancock and mother's name is Shirley hills. The couple welcomed Matt Hancock on the day of Monday. He has one elder sister and one brother. 

He used to love his family very much and being close to   his family, he celebrates his birthday with his family. He married with Martha Hoyer. He has 3 children. His domestic partner is Gina Coladangelo.


25.3 Matt's Physical measurements :-


The height of Matt Hancock is 5 feet 10 inches and the weight is about 160 pounds which clearly indicates his fitness makes him more handsome, smart and look bold. According to his height and weight, Matt's BMI score is about 23.0m/kg2, which shows him physically fit and leading a healthy and Fabulous lifestyle. He is very  concern about his diet that what he is taking or eating. He always used to consume healthy meal. 

Height (in feet):    5 feet 10 inches

Height (in cm):     178 cm

Weight:                 160 pounds

BMI score:            23.0 m/kg2      

Shoe size:              8

Hair colour:           Brown

Eye colour:            Black


25.4 Net worth:-


After knowing his lifestyle, it is clear to see that he is one of the richest politician in UK.

He earned the money of being a professional politician. After Collecting all the data from online resources, it is estimated that Matt's net income is about $14 million at the of his 40 years old. It's really impressive.

He was from England. Furthermore, Matt's earns descent amount of salary as a politician and the data which is recorded is about $115k-$130k annually. He earn a massive amount of money and it's enough to have a luxurious lifestyle. 

Source of income:       Social work

Salary:                         $115k

Worth in 2019:            $3 million

Worth in 2020:            approx $4    

Worth in 2021:            $4.5 million

Worth in 2022:            $5 million


25.5 Matt Hancock contact, Address:-


Address: House of commons London SW1A 0AA

Phone: 02072197186

E-mail:  matt.hancock.mp@parliament.uk

Twitter: https://twitter.com/mattancock


25.6 Facts about Matt Hancock:-


1) Full name of Matt Hancock is Matthew John David Hancock.

2) Matt was born on 2 October, 1978 in Chester, United Kingdom

3) He is UK based politician.

4) He served as the Minister of state for Digital and Culture between 2016-2018. He previously held the minister of state for Energy office between 2014-2015.

5) His birth sign is Libra.

6) The name of his Wife is Martha Hancock.

7) Matt stated, "My children are not allowed on social media".

8) He has one elder sister and one brother.

9) Matt is the first MP in modern times who win a horse race.

10) He is an avid cricketer and plays for the Lords and Commons Cricket Team.


FAQs:-


1. Who is Matt Hancock?

Matthew John David Hancock was a British famous politician who was born on 2 October 1978. He served as Secretary of State for health and Social care since 2018. He was the member of parliament (MP) for west Suffolk since 2010. He has also served as Secretary of State for digital, culture, media and sport in 2018.


2. Is Matt Hancock married?

Yes, Matt Hancock is married. Hancock married Martha Hoyer Millar, an osteopath, in 2006


3. How old is Matt Hancock wife?

There is no official information available on internet about Martha Hoyer's age. But from some sources it is predicted that the age of Matt's wife Martha Millar is about 40 years old.


4. Is Matt Hancock gay?

No, Matt Hancock is not gay. He married with Martha Hoyer and his financial, sexual lifestyle going good.


5. What is net worth of Matt Hancock?

According to Wiki, Forbes, and other online resources, famous politician Matt's Hancock net worth is approx $14 million at the age of 40 years. He is one of the richest politician having Fantabulous lifestyle.




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(Avantika)


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Thursday, September 7, 2023

Border Roads Organization (BRO)

 

LOGO OF BORDER ROADS ORGANIZATION


BRO is a modern and transmitted transnational construction organization that is committed to meeting the strategic requirements of the Indian armed forces. The organization plays a vital role in upscaling infrastructural development.

       BRO was conceived and raised in 1960 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru for coordinating the speedy development of a network of roads in the North and the North Eastern Border regions of the country.

       Initially, BRO was functional under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, But since 2015, it is being managed and it functional under the Ministry of Defence.

       The BRO Raising Day is celebrated on May 7, every year and its motto is Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam ( everything is achievable through hard work).

       The organization headquarters in Seema Sadak Bhawan, New Delhi and its Director General is Lt. Gen. Rajeev Chaudhary.

       It has diversified into a large spectrum of construction and development works comprising airfield, building projects, defense works and tunneling and has endeared itself to the people.

       The BRO, in more than six decades, has constructed over 61000 kms of roads, over 900 Bridges, four tunnels & 19 airfields under challenging conditions along India's borders and in friendly foreign countries, including Bhutan, Myanmar, Afghanistan and Tajikistan .

       The composition of this organization comprises officers and troops who are selected from the Indian Army's Corps of Engineers, Army Service Corps, Military Police and other personnel. Candidates selected through the UPSC IES ( Indian Engineering Services) are appointed to this organization.

FLAG OF BORDER ROADS ORGANIZATION


24.1 Some Recent Achievements and Significance of BRO:-

         In 2022-23, the BRO completed 103 infrastructure projects, the most by the organization in a single year.

    These include construction of shyak Bridge of Load class 70 in Arunachal Pradesh and Along-Yingkiong Road.

       Atal Tunnel: It is located in Himachal Pradesh’s Rohtang pass. It connects Solang Valley near Manali to Sissu in Lahaul and Spiti district.

       Nechiphu Tunnel: Foundation stone was laid on the Balipara-Charduar-Tawang (BCT) road in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.

       Daporijo Bridge: It is over Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh.

       Kasowal Bridge: It is over Ravi river. It connects Kasowal enclave in Punjab along the India - Pakistan border to the rest of the country.

       Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road: It connects Leh via the villages of Darbuk and Shyok at southern Shyok River Valley, with the Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) post near the northern border.

       Barsi Bridge (longest bridge on Manali–Leh highway): It is built on Bagga river, which joins with Chandra river at Tandi in Lahaul to flow down into Jammu & Kashmir as the Chenab.

     BRO performs two separate functions during the time of peace and during the war. In peace it's contribute in the social-economic development of border states and developing the infrastructure of operational roads for the staff.

    Not just in India, but in our friendly neighboring countries as well, BRO has had a part to play in the infrastructural development. Project Dantak in Bhutan which is one of the oldest project of the Border Roads Organization.

    Apart from this, it also woks in reconstruction, in case of a calamity or natural disaster.


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(Praveen Kumar Maurya)


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Thursday, August 31, 2023

A Timeless Epic Brought to Life - Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan

Image Source


"Ramayan," the iconic television series directed by Ramanand Sagar, remains an exceptional portrayal of the ancient Indian epic, showcasing the virtues of righteousness, devotion, and valor that have captivated generations. Airing in the late 1980s, this masterpiece not only gripped the hearts of millions but also left an indelible mark on Indian television history.

Ramanand Sagar's adaption of the Hindu epic "Ramayan" is a marvel that seamlessly amalgamates extraordinary storytelling, impeccable casting, and a strong sense of cultural authenticity. The show's faithful adherence to Valmiki's original text, along with Sagar's creative touch, results in a balanced blend of entertainment and spiritual enlightenment.

One of the most commendable aspects of the series is its stellar cast. Arun Govil's portrayal of Lord Rama is both noble and charismatic, capturing the essence of the divine hero. Deepika Chikhalia's portrayal of Sita is equally captivating, radiating grace and strength. The chemistry between the leads adds depth to the narrative, making their separation and reunion all the more heart-wrenching and triumphant.

Ramanand Sagar's attention to detail in recreating the ancient world is astounding. The set designs, costumes, and props transport viewers back to a time of palaces, forests, and divine interventions. The dialogues, drawn directly from the original text, add a touch of authenticity that resonates with the audience, capturing the moral dilemmas faced by the characters.

The narrative pacing of "Ramayan" is well-balanced, allowing viewers to delve into the complexities of the characters while keeping the story engaging. The spiritual and moral teachings embedded within the episodes make the show not just a visual treat but also a source of profound wisdom. The portrayal of Lord Rama as the ideal king, husband, and son serves as a moral compass that continues to guide and inspire millions.

Furthermore, the show's unforgettable background score composed by Ravindra Jain is nothing short of enchanting. The music heightens the emotional impact of the narrative, elevating key moments to unforgettable heights.


23.1 Cast:

1) Arun Govil as Lord Rama: Arun Govil's portrayal of Lord Rama is one of the standout performances in the series. His dignified demeanor and strong presence embody the qualities of righteousness and nobility that Lord Rama is known for.

2) Deepika Chikhalia as Sita: Deepika Chikhalia's portrayal of Sita captures her innocence, strength, and devotion. Her chemistry with Arun Govil's Rama adds emotional depth to the story.

3) Sunil Lahri as Lakshman: Sunil Lahri's portrayal of Lakshman, Rama's loyal younger brother, is noteworthy for his fierce dedication and unwavering loyalty.

4) Dara Singh as Hanuman: Dara Singh's Hanuman is a standout character, exemplifying devotion and strength. His portrayal of the devoted monkey god is cherished by viewers.

5) Arvind Trivedi as Ravana: Arvind Trivedi's depiction of the demon king Ravana is remarkable. His performance captures both Ravana's power and his eventual downfall due to his arrogance.


23.2 Plot:

"Ramayan" is an adaptation of the ancient Indian epic, "Ramayana," attributed to the sage Valmiki. The series narrates the divine journey of Lord Rama, an avatar of the god Vishnu, as he embarks on a quest to rescue his wife Sita from the clutches of the demon king Ravana.

The story is set in the kingdom of Ayodhya, where Lord Rama is exiled to the forest for fourteen years due to a political conspiracy. Accompanied by his wife Sita and his loyal brother Lakshman, Rama's exile becomes a test of his character, virtue, and devotion. The trio faces various challenges, encounters mystical beings, and learns valuable life lessons along the way.

The pivotal moment in the story arrives when Sita is abducted by Ravana, the powerful ruler of Lanka. This sets the stage for the epic battle between good and evil. With the help of Hanuman and an army of monkeys, Lord Rama embarks on a journey to Lanka to rescue Sita.

The climax of the story culminates in the great war between Lord Rama's forces and Ravana's demon army. The battle showcases the valor and strength of characters like Hanuman, Lakshman, and Lord Rama himself. Eventually, Rama's unwavering devotion to righteousness leads to Ravana's defeat and the rescue of Sita.

Upon their return to Ayodhya, Lord Rama's triumphant homecoming is celebrated with great joy. The narrative highlights the importance of duty, honor, and dharma (righteousness) as Rama becomes an exemplary ruler and king.


23.3 Conclusion:

However, no television series is without its minor flaws. Some viewers might find the special effects and production values slightly outdated by modern standards. Yet, these aspects hold a certain nostalgic charm that connects us to the era when the series was produced.

In conclusion, Ramanand Sagar's "Ramayan" stands as a timeless creation that has not only entertained but also imparted valuable life lessons. The show's ability to transcend generations and cultural barriers is a testament to its universal appeal. With its captivating storytelling, remarkable performances, and spiritual resonance, "Ramayan" remains a true masterpiece and a cultural touchstone for audiences across the world.



— Team Yuva Aaveg

(Adarsh Tiwari)


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Thursday, August 24, 2023

AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK


 

Amboseli is a one of a kind game reserve in Southern Kenya. one of the oldest national parks in Africa. it is famous around the world for it unique elephant population.


Amboseli National park is the most visited of all wild animal reserves in Kenya . Originally allotted around 5,200 km^2 in 1948, the park was turn over the local in 1961.called "park of tukai" in the Masai language Amboseli spans a large variety of environment including an extensive swamp that is particularly attractive to wild animals.


22.1  AREA  AND STRUCTURE:


Today, the area of National park has been reduced to around 650 km^2 but nevertheless remains an ideal place for a large number of wild species to live. Lying at an elevation of 1400 to 1900 m above sea level  and with the impressive scenery of kilometre serving as a backdrop, the amboseli National park at the foot of the silver mountain protects one of the last great natural treasers on earth. Thanks to the masai, who own most of the surrounding land, its unique population of elephant has survive to this day


22.2 KNOWN AS THE LAND OF THE GENTLE GIANTS:


National park is probably the best place to in Kenya to get a close look at African elephant because the population inside the reserve has been able to maintain its large structure and generation lines free from outside influences for many years. This is extraordinary rare. Most African National park have suffered through extended periods of poaching, practice regular Kaling or implemented long distance recolation programmes  in order to satisfy the demands of local agriculturists who fear the intrusion of elephants into their fields. In Amboseli, the pastoral masai keep a close watch on the park's borders, with the result that around 800 elephants of of different generation have survived with in its small herd, including aged cows and bulls as well as Calves, teenagers and matriarchs. This permits the complex diverse social behaviours of these gentle  gaints to be studied in context.


22.3 IN ADDITION TO ELEPHANT:


Amboseli park protects a wide range of wild species and many other animal in habit the reserve .Rhinoceros masai giraffe gnus ,zebras, Hyena Jackals, cheetah, leopards and two gazelle species (Grant's and Thompson's) at home on the savannah. In the drier parts, farther from the swamp leaves gemsboks, gerenuks and elands. The swamp itself is a virtual Paradise for birds. Species that are otherwise rare in Kenya, such as pelicans and geese, gather in flocks on the open water .kingfishers and bee- eaters lie in wait for prey in the reeds. Birds of prey include the ospreys, martial eagle, grey- winged goshawks and Dwarf falcons. 


22.4 SOME KEY POINTS:


• Amboseli National park was founded in 1974.

• IT has a total area of 650 km^2

• Country : kenya

• Masai : The masali are a Nomadic pastoral people at home in wide plains of Southern Kenya and northern Tanzania, where their population approaches one million.



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(Deeksha Yadav)


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Tuesday, August 15, 2023

भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के अनुत्तरित प्रश्न


किसी भी भारतीय नागरिक से पूछें "भारत को आजादी किसने दी?" वे संभवतः महात्मा गांधी कहेंगे। यह भी पूछें "भारत को आजादी कैसे मिली?" वे संभवतः "अहिंसा" कहेंगे। ये उत्तर गलत नहीं हैं, लेकिन 100% सही भी नहीं हैं। भारत की स्वतंत्रता कई चीजों, सैकड़ों चरित्रों, कई विचारधाराओं और निश्चित रूप से भाग्य का परिणाम थी। अहिंसा कहने के लिए हमें आजादी दिलाई, यह अति सरलीकरण है। लगभग 8 दशक बीत गए लेकिन आज भी कई चीजें धुंधली हैं, कई सवाल अनुत्तरित हैं|


• किस चीज़ ने ब्रिटेन को भारत छोड़ने पर मजबूर किया: गांधी की अहिंसा या सुभाष चंद्र बोस की सेना ?

गांधीजी ने 1942 में भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन शुरू करने के लिए अहिंसा का इस्तेमाल किया। अगले वर्ष बोस ने भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना को पुनर्जीवित किया। अंतर स्पष्ट था गांधी ने ब्रिटेन से भारत छोड़ने के लिए कहा और बोस ने कहा कि मैं उन्हें भारत छोड़ने के लिए मजबूर कर दूंगा। 1944 में, गांधी ने ब्रिटेन को एक विकल्प दिया, उन्होंने कहा कि वह सविनय अवज्ञा को रोक देंगे लेकिन एक शर्त पर हमें तत्काल स्वतंत्रता दें। उस समय लॉर्ड वेवेल वायसराय थे; उन्होंने इस प्रस्ताव को पूरी तरह से अस्वीकार कर दिया और कहा कि यह चर्चा के लिए शुरुआती बिंदु भी नहीं है। हालाँकि बोस को अधिक सफलता मिली; उनकी भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध हार गई। 1945 में उनकी स्वयं मृत्यु हो गई लेकिन आगे क्या हुआ? 1945 के अंत से भारत में, भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना के सैनिकों पर मुकदमा चलाया गया। उन्होंने इंपीरियल जापान के लिए लड़ाई लड़ी थी और अब ब्रिटेन बदला लेना चाहता था, यह सबसे खराब संभव योजना थी। संपूर्ण भारत आई.एन.ए सैनिकों के समर्थन में एकजुट हुआ, अन्यत्र सैनिकों ने उनसे प्रेरणा ली। परीक्षणों के दौरान, मुंबई में एक विशाल नौसैनिक विद्रोह छिड़ गया जिसमें लगभग 20000 नाविक और 78 जहाज शामिल थे। चेन्नई और पुणे में भी ऐसी ही बातें हुईं. कराची और कोलकाता में दंगे भड़क उठे। अंग्रेज हिल गये, वे सविनय अवज्ञा को सेना से तो संभाल सकते थे लेकिन यदि सेना ही विद्रोह कर दे तो वे असहाय थे। डॉ. बी.आर अंबेडकर को इसका एहसास हुआ, उन्होंने कहा, "मुझे लगता है कि अंग्रेज इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुंच गए हैं कि अगर उन्हें भारत पर शासन करना है तो उनका एकमात्र आधार ब्रिटिश सेना का रखरखाव होगा।" हालाँकि केवल एक समस्या यह थी कि 1946 तक ब्रिटिश सेना तबाह हो गई थी। द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध में उन्होंने 2,000,000 सैनिकों को खो दिया था। उन पर 21 अरब पाउंड का कर्ज था. इसलिए, भारत पर कब्ज़ा करने के लिए ब्रिटिश सैनिकों का उपयोग करना, यह सवाल ही नहीं था कि उनके पास न तो जन शक्ति थी और न ही पैसा, तो उन्होंने क्या किया, वे सामान पैक करके चले गए। भारत इस तरह से लाभान्वित होने वाला एकमात्र देश नहीं था। ब्रिटेन ने फिलिस्तीन, जॉर्डन, श्रीलंका और म्यांमार को छोड़ दिया। ब्रिटिश प्रधान मंत्री एटली ने े भारत को आजादी देने के कारण बताए। प्रमुख कारणों में से एक सशस्त्र बलों के बीच वफादारी का कम होना था। अंग्रेज अब भरोसा नहीं कर सकते थे इसलिए सबसे अच्छा विकल्प वहां से चले जाना ही था। एटली की टिप्पणियों से एक बात स्पष्ट हो गई कि ब्रिटेन ने भारत इसलिए नहीं छोड़ा क्योंकि उनका हृदय परिवर्तन हो गया था या इसलिए कि अहिंसा ने उनकी अंतरात्मा को अपील की थी। वे चले गए क्योंकि यह अब व्यवहार्य नहीं था। उनके पास भारत की 300 मिलियन अशांत आबादी को नियंत्रित करने का कोई साधन नहीं था |


• गांधीजी ने बोस की राजनीति का विरोध क्यों किया?

गांधीजी ने 1939 में कांग्रेस अध्यक्ष के रूप में बोस के चुनाव को रोकने की कोशिश की। जब बोस जीत गए, तो गांधीजी ने इसे व्यक्तिगत हार बताया। एक बार फिर यह विचारधारा थी, बोस शीघ्र स्वतंत्रता चाहते थे। उन्हें डर था कि गांधीजी कुछ कम, शायद डोमिनियन स्टेटस, पर समझौता कर लेंगे। इन मतभेदों के कारण प्रतिद्वंद्विता हुई, इस प्रकरण में गांधीजी की राय ठीक नहीं है, इतिहासकारों ने उन्हें तुच्छ उद्धरण कहा है और बोस की कट्टरपंथी रणनीति के कारण उन्हें गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया, लेकिन 1941 में वह ब्रिटिश भारत से भाग गए। उन्होंने विदेशों में स्वतंत्रता के लिए रैली करना शुरू कर दिया। विचार सरल था "आपके दुश्मन का दुश्मन आपका दोस्त है।" उस तर्क को चुनते हुए, वह नाज़ी जर्मनी और इंपीरियल जापान तक पहुँचे। अंग्रेजों ने बोस को सहयोगी कहा। अगले वर्ष 1942 में भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन की घोषणा की गई। दोनों ने इसका समर्थन किया. बोस ने इसे भारत का महाकाव्य संघर्ष कहा, लेकिन भावनाएँ कभी भी परस्पर नहीं थीं। बोस ने 1943 में  स्वतंत्र भारत की एक अस्थायी सरकार की स्थापना की। इसे जापान और जर्मनी के सभी सहयोगी 9 देशों ने मान्यता दी। गांधी और कांग्रेस ने कभी भी बोस की सरकार या सेना को गले नहीं लगाया, कम से कम युद्ध के दौरान तो नहीं। कांग्रेस वैचारिक रूप से ब्रिटेन के पक्ष में थी, वे कभी भी युद्ध का समर्थन करने के लिए सहमत नहीं थे, लेकिन वे हिटलर को हारते हुए देखना चाहते थे, साथ ही आंदोलन के भीतर सत्ता संघर्ष भी था। गांधी को नेहरू अधिक पसंद थे. नेहरू अत्यंत भक्तिमय आंखों वाले शिष्य थे। दूसरी ओर बोस अधिक विद्रोही थे। उन्होंने गांधी के पार्टी नेतृत्व को चुनौती दी, जो राजनेताओं को पसंद आया। बोस और आई.एन.ए के प्रति कांग्रेस का रवैया बदला लेकिन युद्ध के बहुत बाद में। वास्तव में, नेहरू आई.एन.ए परीक्षणों के दौरान वकीलों में से एक थे। कई इतिहासकारों का कहना है कि यह एक राजनीतिक फैसला था. परीक्षणों ने अचानक ही जनता का ध्यान अपनी ओर आकर्षित कर लिया था, इसलिए कांग्रेस इसका एक हिस्सा चाहती थी।


• द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध ने भारत के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम को कैसे आकार दिया?

लगभग 25 लाख भारतीयों ने यूरोप, एशिया और अफ्रीका में युद्ध लड़ा। युद्ध समाप्त होने पर वे घर आये। 1947 तक, केवल 800,000 लोग सेना का हिस्सा थे, बाकी लोग मारे गए थे या संगठित हो गए थे। कल्पना कीजिए कि 2.5 मिलियन से 800,000 तक। ये उच्च प्रशिक्षित लड़ाके हैं, इनमें से कई संयुक्त आत्मरक्षा इकाइयाँ और स्वयंसेवी समूह हैं। उन्होंने अपने साथी भारतीयों को प्रशिक्षित किया, लेकिन विदेश में सेवा का एक मतलब यह भी था कि सैनिकों को स्वतंत्रता, स्वतंत्रता और लोकतंत्र जैसे नए विचारों से अवगत कराया गया। उन्होंने दूसरों के अधिकारों के लिए कड़ी लड़ाई लड़ी थी, इसलिए घर वापस आकर उन्होंने अपने अधिकारों के बारे में सोचना शुरू कर दिया, जिसने स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई को वेग प्रदान किया।


·     जवाहर लाल नेहरू भारत के पहले प्रधान मंत्री कैसे बने?

1946 में कांग्रेस ने आंतरिक चुनाव कराये। अब अगला राष्ट्रपति चुनने का समय आ गया है, वह भारत की अंतरिम प्रधान मंत्री भी होंगी, इसलिए दांव ऊंचे थे। गांधी की पसंद स्पष्ट थी. वे शुरू से चाहते थे कि नेहरू कमान संभालें. गांधी का मानना था कि नेहरू अंग्रेजों के साथ बातचीत के लिए बेहतर उपयुक्त थे। वह कैंब्रिज से स्नातक थे, अंग्रेजी में उनकी धाक थी और वह विदेशों में भी जाने जाते थे, लेकिन नेहरू को पार्टी की राज्य समिति से समर्थन की जरूरत थी, तभी वह चुने जा सके। उनके सामने सरदार पटेल और आचार्य कृपलानी जैसों के सामने चुनौतियां थीं। 15 राज्य समितियों में से 12 ने पटेल को नामांकित किया, उनमें से 3 अनुपस्थित रहे। इसलिए, उनमें से किसी ने भी जवाहर लाल नेहरू को नामांकित नहीं किया। गांधी ने यह खबर अपने शिष्य को दी। जाहिर है, दूसरी तरफ से स्तब्ध चुप्पी थी। नेहरू कभी भी दूसरे नंबर पर नहीं रहने वाले थे, इसलिए गांधी ने सरदार पटेल को किसी भी कारण से दौड़ से हटने के लिए कहा। पटेल एक अच्छे प्रशासक के साथ-साथ जन नायक भी माने जाते थे। वह जमीनी स्तर के बहुत करीब थे, फिर भी वह नेहरू ही थे जो पहले प्रधान मंत्री बने, बाकी जैसा कि वे कहते हैं कि इतिहास है या कम से कम इसका एक संस्करण है। नेहरू भारत के सबसे लंबे समय तक सेवा करने वाले प्रधान मंत्री बने। 1950 में पटेल की मृत्यु हो गई।


संक्षेप में

इतिहास हमेशा सही या ग़लत के बारे में नहीं होता. ऐतिहासिक शख्सियतें हमेशा नायक और खलनायक नहीं होतीं। वे भी हमारे जैसे इंसान हैं, अपूर्ण लोग जिन्होंने वही किया जो उन्हें सही लगा। क्या बोस और गांधी आमने-सामने नहीं थे, हाँ, लेकिन यह बोस ही थे जिन्होंने गांधी को "राष्ट्रपिता" कहा था। यह गांधी ही थे जिन्होंने बोस को "देश भक्तों का देशभक्त" कहा था। वे विचारधारा पर असहमत थे लेकिन एक चीज़ उन्हें एकजुट करती थी, "एक स्वतंत्र भारत" का उनका सपना। हम अक्सर भूल जाते हैं कि हमारे स्वतंत्रता सेनानी भी राजनेता थे। वे महत्वाकांक्षी थे. वे अपने करियर के बारे में सोचते थे और कभी-कभी एक-दूसरे को नुकसान पहुंचाते थे। यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि हम अपने स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के हर हिस्से को, हिंसक, अहिंसक और उदासीन, को स्वीकार करें और अपनाएं। गांधी जी ने भारत के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम को जन आंदोलन में बदल दिया। उन्होंने हर भारतीय गांव में आजादी पहुंचाई; साथ ही, उन्होंने बोस जैसे लोगों को अलग-थलग कर दिया। हमें यह स्वीकार करना होगा कि दोनों बातें सही और सत्य हैं। यह एक परिपक्व लोकतंत्र की पहचान है।



-टीम युवा आवेग

(अखिलेश्वर मौर्य)


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Unanswered Questions of India’s Freedom Struggle

Ask any Indian citizen “Who gave India Independence?”. They’ll probably say Mahatma Gandhi. Also ask “How did India get independence?” They’ll probably say “Non-Violence". These answers are not wrong but not 100% right either. India's independence was the result of many things, hundreds of characters, multiple ideologies and of course some rub of the green. To say nonviolence gave us freedom is an oversimplification. Almost 8 decades have passed but even today many things are hazy many questions are unanswered.


·      What made Britain leave India: Gandhi's Non-Violence OR Subhash Chandra Bose's Army?

Gandhi used non-violence to launch the Quit India movement in 1942. The next year Bose revived Indian National Army.  The difference was clear Gandhi asked Britain to quit India and Bose said I will make them quit. In 1944, Gandhi offered Britain a choice, he said he will stop civil disobedience but on one condition give us immediate independence. Lord Wavell was the Viceroy then; he completely rejected the offer and said it wasn't even a starting point for a discussion. Bose though have more success; his Indian national army lost the 2nd Word War. He himself died in 1945 but what happened next? Galvanized India from the late 1945, soldiers of Indian national army were put on trial. They had fought for the Imperial Japan and now Britain wanted revenge it was the worst possible plan. All of India united in support of INA soldiers, servicemen elsewhere took inspiration from them. During the trials, a massive naval mutiny broke out in Mumbai where almost 20000 sailors and 78 ships were involved. Similar things happened in Chennai and Pune. Riots broke out in Karachi and Kolkata. The British were shaken, they could handle civil disobedience with army but if army itself revolted they were helpless. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar realised this he said, “I think the British has come to conclusion that if they were to rule India the only basis on which they would rule was the maintenance of the British Army.” Just one problem though that the British army was devastated by 1946. They lost 384,000 soldiers in World War II. They were 21 billion pounds in debt. So, using British troops to hold onto India, it was out of the question they neither had the manpower nor the money, so what did they do, they packed up and left. India wasn't the only country to benefit this way. Britain left Palestine, Jordan, Sri Lanka & Myanmar. British Prime Minister claimed Atlee gave reasons for giving India's independence. One of the key reasons was erosion of loyalty among the armed forces. The British couldn't trust anymore so the best option was to leave. The comments of Atlee made one thing clear Britain didn't leave India because they had a change of heart or because non-violence appealed to their conscience. They left because it was not viable anymore. They had no means to control India's 300 million restive population.


·      Why did Gandhi oppose Bose's politics?

Gandhi tried to stop Bose’s election as Congress president in 1939. When Bose won, Gandhi called it a personal defeat. Once again it was ideology, Bose wanted swift independence. He feared that Gandhi would settle for something less, maybe Dominion status. These differences led to rivalry, Gandhi doesn't come well on this episode historians have called him quote unquote petty and given to machinations Bose’s radical tactics got him arrested but in 1941 he fled British India. He began rallying for independence abroad. The idea was simple “Your enemy's enemy is your friend.” Choosing that logic, he reached out to Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. The British called Bose a collaborator. The next year in 1942, The Quit Indian movement was declared. Both supported it. Bose called it India's epic struggle, but sentiment was never mutual. Bose set up a provisional government of free India in 1943 sort of like a government-in-exile. It was recognized by 9 countries all allies of Japan and Germany. Gandhi and Congress never embraced Bose’s government or army, at least not during the war. Congress was ideologically on Britain's side they never agreed to support the war, but they wanted to see Hitler defeated, also there was a power struggle within the movement. Gandhi liked Nehru more. Nehru was the starry-eyed pupil with utter devotion. Bose on the other hand was more rebellious. He challenged Gandhi's leadership of the party, which politicians liked that. The Congress' attitude towards Bose and INA changed but much later after the war. In fact, Nehru was one of the lawyers during INA trials. Many historians say this was a political decision. The trials had captured the public imagination suddenly, so the Congress wanted a piece of it.


·      How did World War II shape India’s Freedom Struggle?

Around 2.5 million Indians fought the war in Europe, Asia & Africa. Once the war ended, they came home. By 1947, only 800,000 men were part of the army, rest had been killed or the mobilized. Imagine that from 2.5 million to 800,000. These are highly trained fighters, many of them joint Self-defense units and volunteer groups. They trained their fellow Indians, but service abroad also meant one thing the soldiers were exposed to new ideas things like Liberty, Freedom & Democracy. They had fought in the trenches for someone else’s rights so once back home they began to think about their rights this led to a bigger push towards independence.


How did Jawaharlal Nehru become India’s first Prime-Minister?

In 1946, the Congress held an internal election. It was time to choose the next President, he she would also be India's interim Prime Minister, so the stakes were high. Gandhi’s pick was clear. From the beginning he wanted Nehru to take charge. Gandhi believed Nehru was better suited to negotiate with the British. He was a Cambridge graduate, he rattled off in English and he was better known abroad but Nehru needed support from parties State Committee only then he could be elected. He had challenges to the likes of Sardar Patel and Acharya Kriplani. 12 out of 15 State Committees nominated Patel 3 of them abstained. So, none of them nominated Jawahar Lal Nehru. Gandhi broke this news to his protégé. Apparently, there was stunned silence from the other side. Nehru was never going to be number two so Gandhi asked Sardar Patel to withdraw from the race for whatever reasons he did. Patel was considered a good administrator, also the people's leader. He was very close to grass roots, yet it was Nehru who became the first Prime Minister the rest as they say is history or at least one version of it. Nehru would go on to become the India's longest serving Prime Minister. Patel died in 1950.

In a nutshell...

History is not always about right or wrong. Historical figures are not always heroes and villains. They are humans like us, imperfect people who did what they thought was right. Did Bose and Gandhi do not see eye to eye, well yes but it was Bose who called Gandhi “Father of the Nation”. It was Gandhi who called Bose “A patriot of Patriots”. They disagreed on ideology but one thing united them, their dream of “An Independent India”. We often forget that our freedom fighters were also politicians. They were ambitious. They looked out for their career and sometimes they sabotaged each other. It is important that we accept and embrace every part of our freedom struggle, the violent and the non-violent and the indifferent one. Gandhi turned India's freedom struggle into a people's movement. He took Independence to every Indian village; at the same time, he alienated people like Bose. We need to accept that both things are right and true. That is the Hallmark of a mature democracy.



-Team Yuva Aaveg

(Akhileshwar Maurya)


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