Thursday, January 23, 2025

Synthesis and Characterisation of Non-Fullerene based Photovoltaics

96.1) Introduction

Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are a scalable way of gathering solar energy that uses carbon-based materials to create electricity from sunlight via the photovoltaic effect. The potential advantages of OPVs over conventional silicon-based cells include lower cost, weight, flexibility, and large-area fabrication. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are a scalable way of gathering solar energy that uses carbon-based materials to create electricity from sunlight via the photovoltaic effect. The potential advantages of OPVs over conventional silicon-based cells include lower cost, weight, flexibility, and large-area fabrication. In an OPV cell's photoactive layer¹, an n-type absorbs electrons, and a p-type emits them. PC61BM and PC71BM Fullerenes were used as acceptor materials because of their high charge carrier capacity and electron affinity. Fullerenes have inherent restrictions, such as high synthesis costs, restricted electrical flexibility, and morphological instability due to heating. Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are developed for practical reasons. Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are developed for practical reasons. Perylene diimide (PDI), diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), and the A-D-A family² (Fig 1) have been the most successful and thoroughly researched NFAs. PCEs for PDI³, DPP, and A-D-A-based⁴ non-fullerene OPVs⁵ have been reported to be over 11%, 13%, and 19%, respectively. This review article focuses on compounds with high PCEs from three classes.

96.2) Discussion

PDI is a well-known and extensively researched NFA in OPVs due to its high electron affinity and mobility, variable energy levels, and excellent chemical, thermal, and photochemical stability. Tang and coworkers reported the first PDI-based acceptor in 1986, using bilayer heterojunction OPVs. Currently, the best PCE for PDI monomer-based OPV devices is 3.7% lower than fullerene-based OPVs. PDI's intrinsic planarity and intermolecular solid interactions lead to undesirable micrometer scale crystallinity. Large crystalline domains in the polymer blend restrict exciton splitting, resulting in decreased photocurrent and poor device performance. Investigations have concentrated on functionalizing the modifiable locations of the backbone to lower molecular crystallinity and generate better NFAs.

DPPs are a versatile dye that exhibits high absorption in the visible region and is photochemically stable. DPPs' high backbone planarity and strong intermolecular π-π stacking make them ideal for creating charge transfer systems. DPP⁶ molecules have strong electron affinity, high electron mobility, and low LUMO energy levels. DPP derivatives have been created and tested as NFAs for efficient OPV.

Using A-D-A acceptors has proven to be a very successful approach to NFAs. A-D-A-type NFAs have an electron-rich core (D) and two electron-deficient terminals (A). The D and A components can be adjusted independently to adjust the energy levels, bandgap, molecule packing, and other features. ITIC, the Zhan group reported that was one of the first examples of this type, and more recently, high-performing Y6⁷ are typical A-D-A type NFAs, with fused ladder-type arene as the backbone and electron-drawing units as the flanking arms. The planar skeletal structure⁸, organized π-π stacking, and improved optical absorption to the NIR range through the push-pull effect provide these molecules with high charge mobility. In order to create new A-D-A type NFAs, π-conjugated spacers, solvent-soluble sidechains⁹, electron-donating cores, and electron-drawing end groups must be made.

The A-D-A type structure of M3¹⁰ is made up of two 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene) malononitrile (IC-2F) end groups and a benzo [1,2-b:4,5 b’] bis(4-H-di-thieno[3,2-b:20,30-d] pyrrole) (BDTPT) core with four side chains branching to the p-conjugated central unit. To create the brominated compound C1, the end groups of the M3 acceptor are altered by replacing the IC-2F end group with the mono-brominated IC-Br (Fig 1). Compound C2 is then created by replacing the IC-Br with 3-ethyl rhodanine end groups (Fig 2). Solar cells made using the mono-brominated acceptor C1 and the conjugated polymer PM6 demonstrated power conversion efficiencies of up to 11.6%, whereas solar cells based on the latter NFA only had very low efficiencies. The normalized absorption spectra of C1, C2, and the reference molecule M3 are displayed in Fig. 3. The absorbance peaks' maxima in solution were discovered to be 603 nm, 742 nm, and 744 nm, respectively. The three peaks in the solid state were moved toward longer wavelengths, peaking at 779 nm for M3, 797 nm for C1, and 624 nm for C2 thin films. When comparing M3 and C1, the steeper absorption edge of C1 suggests that the clean C1 film's molecular packing is more ordered. The significantly steeper absorption edge of C1, when compared to M3^11,12, suggests that the pristine C1 film's molecular packing is more ordered.

Fig 1⁵ The chemical structures of fullerenes (PC61BM and PC71BM) and non-fullerene acceptors from the PDI, DPP, and A-D-A families (ITIC and Y6).

Fig 2¹⁰ The structures of (b) the reference acceptor M3, (c) the donors PM6 and PBDB-T, and (a) the synthetic pathway for the acceptor molecules C1 and C2.

Fig 3¹⁰ Normalized absorption spectra on glass substrates in thin films and solutions

OPV NFA can be discovered by integrating generative and predictive ML models¹³. In a generative machine learning model to learn chemical patterns and produce new molecules, the NFA chemical Target Synthesis method (Fig 4) starts with training the model using a dataset of roughly 50,000 NFA candidates from Lopez et al. Through the iterative incorporation of chemical laws, domain expertise was utilized to enhance the molecular structure via the generative models. In order to forecast HOMO/LUMO energy levels, the produced compounds were encoded as SMILES strings and fed into a predictive machine learning model that was trained using the same data set. A virtual screening criterion for identifying NFA candidates for synthesis was the computed PCE based on the anticipated HOMO/LUMO energy levels. Following multiple rounds of molecule synthesis and virtual screening, the molecular motif was determined using the chemical structure of the produced compounds as well as the computed PCE MS. Practical factors, including the availability of precursors and stricter synthetic requirements, were taken into account when manually creating molecules based on the molecular motif. We synthesized seven NFA candidates with different computed PCE MS. In order to validate the computed PCE MS, the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the NFA candidates were lastly measured via CV and UV-vis measurements.

Fig 4¹³ Schematic of the NFA Molecular Target Generation and Synthesis Workflow

TTE-PDI4 has a highly twisted molecular shape due to the free rotation of PDIs and nearby thiophene units. TTE-PDI4 undergoes ring fusion to produce FTTE-PDI4 (Fig 5), a more rigid molecule with more intramolecular stacking. Interestingly, TTE-PDI4 and FTTE-PDI4 have comparable energy levels, but their UV-Vis absorptions differ significantly. The latter exhibits high broad-band absorption with several abrupt peaks in the 300–600 nm range. TTE-PDI4 exhibits lesser absorption at long wavelengths even if its energy absorption start is lower. When combined with the polymer donor PFBDB-T, FTTE-PDI4 exhibits a larger photocurrent and, consequently, a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.6% than blends based on TTE-PDI4 (PCE of 3.8%). This is because of its higher absorption and enhanced stiffness. The blend devices' high fill factor is probably a result of FTTE-PDI4's increased stiffness. It is determined that there is room for improvement by lowering voltage losses.

Fullerene-free organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as leaders in the photovoltaic field due to their superior optical and electrical properties. The quantum chemical study centered on developing pentacyclic aromatic bislactam-based chromophores¹⁴ for extremely efficient OSCs. Eight molecules (PCLMD1-PCLMD8) were designed from a reference compound (PCLMR) with an A2-π-A1-π-D-π-A1-π-A2 configuration through end group redistribution with benzothiophene acceptors. A UV-Vis comparison of simulated and experimental PCLMR values led to selecting the MPW1PW916-31G(d,p) functional for the DFT approach. The photovoltaic properties of the chromophores were investigated using several techniques, including UV-Vis, FMOs, TDM, Voc, and DOS. Modification of peripheral acceptors resulted in considerable modifications in charge-transfer characteristics. The changes led to a lower exciton binding energy of 2.277 to 2.087 eV, a larger maximum absorption wavelength of 829 to 882 nm in the solvent phase, and a smaller bandgap of 1.746 to 1.868 eV.

Fig 5¹⁵ Synthetic route to TTE-PDI4 and FTTE-PDI4.

The results were compared with PCLMR, which had an exciton binding energy of 2.443 eV, a bandgap of 1.895 eV, and a maximum absorption wavelength of 813 nm. Significant charge dispersion between HOMO and LUMO was discovered in the hypothesized chromophores by the FMO research. All benzothiophene acceptor-based compounds (PCLMD1-PCLMD8) exhibited higher open-circuit voltage and electron and hole mobility rates compared to PCLMR. Benzothiophene acceptors with electron-drawing groups enhance charge transfer to acceptor components in organic solar cells (OSCs), improving the JSC and Voc values. The process broadens the absorbance spectrum as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital's (LUMO) energy level falls, while the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) normally remains unchanged. Molecular engineering with benzothiophene acceptor moieties can improve the solar efficiency of NF-based materials.

96.3) Conclusion

This review focuses on the structure-property connection, synthesis, and characterization of PDI, DPP, and A-D-A derivatives used to improve non-fullerene OPV performance¹⁶. In OPV devices, excessive PDI molecule self-aggregation reduces blend shape and efficiency. To minimize intermolecular packing, structural changes were made to the nitrogen, bay, and ortho positions of the PDI monomer. To prevent the over-aggregation¹⁷ of PDI derivatives in mixed films, consider creating twisted or star-shaped NFAs with several PDI monomers. Designing new twisted and star-shaped PDI derivatives requires considering the trade-off between electron transport and nanometer-sized phase-separated domains in PDI-based NFAs. The strong electron mobility and NIR light-absorbing capabilities of DPP-based NFAs attract non-fullerene OPVs. DPP-based small molecules can be further classified as DPP-cored acceptors or DPP-terminated acceptors based on their different molecular design strategies. DPP-based polymers¹⁸ in organic transistors have significant hole and electron mobilities and absorb near-infrared light like naphthalene diimide-based polymers, such as N2200.Consequently, non-fullerene OPVs may likewise benefit from the use of DPP polymers. The A-D-A type¹⁹ NFAs' solubility, crystallinity, and miscibility can be further adjusted by utilizing various side chains, end groups, and π-spacers. The current development of A-D-A NFAs still faces certain obstacles. Simple synthetic pathways should be developed to support economical and scalable materials. Because most A-D-A acceptors have narrow bandgaps and NIR absorption, designing wide bandgap donors with complementary absorption, well-matched energy levels, and the ideal blend shape is also necessary. Solar cells^17,20,21 with PM6:C1 absorber layer blends achieved up to 11.6% efficiency and a higher open circuit voltage of 0.914 V compared to PM6:M3-based solar cells (0.894 V), owing to the upshifted LUMO level of C1. PM6:M3 and PM6:C1 devices had similar high exciton dissociation probabilities. However, the PM6:C1 sample had reduced charge collection efficiency compared to the reference system PM6:M3. Computational methods using DFT and ML models plays crucial roles in predicting more efficient photovoltaic devices, which is experimentally proven. So, modern technology helps improve ongoing research.

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References

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Thursday, January 16, 2025

Tour of Shakespeare's world

Known as the Bard of Avon, William Shakespeare (1564–1616) is still regarded as one of English history's most important authors and theatre directors. He wrote two lengthy narrative poems, 154 sonnets, and 39 plays. Shakespeare's works speak to universal human emotions and experiences across time and cultural boundaries. This essay explores the literary strategies and themes that characterize his lasting impact, as well as the relevance of his texts, evaluations of particular works, and the circumstances surrounding their production and adaptation.

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95.1) Exploring Shakespeare's Texts

Shakespeare's plays have enthralled audiences and academics for more than 400 years because they explore human nature in great detail and deal with universal issues like love, power, ambition, and death. His poetry and plays give enduring perspectives on the human condition by reflecting our innermost wants, anxieties, and imperfections.

Shakespeare not only contributed to topic depth but also had a major influence on the English language. Among the more than 1,700 words he coined were *assassination*, *lonely*, and *bedroom*. Through his innovative use of language, he altered English and enhanced its expressive capacity by creating new words and idiomatic expressions like "break the ice" and "laughingstock." His writings are a mainstay of the literary canon and are studied all over the world for their creative value, inventiveness in language, and cultural significance.

95.2) Analyzing Specific Texts

95.2.1) Hamlet

*Hamlet*, one of Shakespeare's most well-known tragedies, explores existentialism, madness, and retribution. The drama centres on Prince Hamlet's quest for revenge after his uncle Claudius killed his father. Hamlet's profound emotional conflicts and philosophical reflections on life and death are shown in his soliloquies, especially "To be or not to be." The drama is a timeless examination of the human psyche because it examines the psychological effects of loss, treachery, and indecision. The audience is prompted to consider their own moral quandaries and decisions by its examination of moral ambiguity and the effects of both action and inaction.

95.2.2) Macbeth

*Macbeth* is a story about unbridled ambition and moral decay that revolves around the title character and his wife's scheme to take over the Scottish kingdom. Following Lady Macbeth's manipulation and a prophecy from three witches, Macbeth kills King Duncan and spirals into despotism and paranoia. The play's gloomy imagery and supernatural elements highlight its themes of ambition, remorse, and fate, which ultimately lead to Macbeth's terrible demise. The psychological intricacy of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth emphasizes the interplay between external influences and human ambition as well as the deadly impact of remorse.

95.2.3) A Midsummer Night's Dream

Themes of magic, metamorphosis, and love are all interwoven in this fanciful comedy. The play, which is set in a legendary woodland, has a cast of human and fairy characters that interact to form a funny and intricate web of relationships. The erratic nature of love and the blurring of the lines between illusion and reality is highlighted by the employment of magical ingredients, such as Puck's love potion. The play is one of Shakespeare's most cherished creations because of its whimsical tone and creative narrative. However, beneath the humor is a more profound critique of the illogical and unpredictable nature of human emotions and interpersonal relationships.

95.2.4) Sonnet 18 (Shall I compare to thee to a Summer's Day)

Shakespeare's command of the genre and his capacity to capture beauty in poetry are best demonstrated by this sonnet. The poet emphasizes the beloved's exceptional, enduring traits by drawing a comparison between them and a summer day. The ability of art to endure is shown in the words, "So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee." Shakespeare's conviction that artistic expression endures is further supported by the poem's examination of fleeting beauty in contrast to timeless art.

95.3) Creation, Adaptation and Performance

Shakespeare's plays were first composed for his acting troupe, the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later known as the King's Men). These pieces were presented in renowned locations like the Globe Theatre, where people from all walks of life came to hear his tales. The plays' dynamic dialogue, dramatic suspense, and compelling characters were all designed with the theater in mind, captivating live audiences.

During his lifetime, Shakespeare himself did not publish his plays. Due to the efforts of his peers, many were instead preserved. John Heminges and Henry Condell put together the *First Folio* in 1623, seven years after his passing. Thirty-six of his plays were preserved for future generations via this historic publication. Because it provides information about the original text and staging of Shakespeare's works, the *First Folio* is still a vital resource for academics.

Shakespeare's works have undergone numerous adaptations over the ages. Numerous movies, operas, books, and contemporary retellings have been influenced by his plays. From daring reinterpretations in modern settings to exact recreations of Elizabethan performances, productions have covered a wide spectrum. Baz Luhrmann's 1996 film *Romeo + Juliet* is one example of how *Romeo and Juliet* has been reinvented in contemporary settings. As every generation discovers new ways to interact with Shakespeare's ageless stories, these adaptations show how universal and flexible his works are.

95.4) Themes

Shakespeare's plays cover a broad range of topics that are still relevant today:
1) Shakespeare explores love in all its manifestations, whether it be romantic (*Romeo and Juliet*), familial (*King Lear*), or platonic (*The Merchant of Venice*).
2) The disastrous consequences of unbridled ambition are a major theme in plays such as *Macbeth* and *Julius Caesar*.
3) Comedies such as *Twelfth Night* and *As You Like It* have narratives that revolve around themes of disguise and mistaken identity.
4) As demonstrated in *Hamlet* and *Sonnet 73*, Shakespeare regularly reflects on the impermanence of life and the certainty of death.

95.5) Language

Shakespeare's language is one of his most distinctive characteristics. He frequently switched between prose and verse to distinguish personalities and social standing, and he used iambic pentameter, a rhythmic pattern that resembles spontaneous speech. His texts gain additional layers of humor and significance from his use of wordplay, puns, and double entendres. For example, his wit and deft conversation are on display in *Much Ado About Nothing* while Beatrice and Benedick are teasing each other.

95.6) Literary Devices

Literary tropes abound in Shakespeare's works:

1) Metaphor and Simile: Phrases such as "All the world's a stage" (*As You Like It*) are filled with vivid imagery.
2) Dramatic Irony: As in *Othello*, where the audience is aware of Iago's machinations while the players are not, dramatic irony is used to increase tension.
3) Foreshadowing: Builds tension, as in *Macbeth*'s witches' prophecies.
4) Soliloquy: Shakespeare's tragedies are known for their use of the soliloquy, which enables characters to express their innermost thoughts to the audience.

95.7) Conclusion

Shakespeare's works have had a lasting impact on theater, literature, and society. His writings are just as relevant today as they were during the Elizabethan period because they effectively convey the complexities of human emotions and the universal truths of life. Shakespeare's legacy remains as a monument to the power of narrative because of his insightful characterizations, imaginative use of language, and investigation of timeless subjects. His plays and poems continue to inspire, amuse, and educate audiences worldwide, whether through authentic versions or contemporary ones.

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Thursday, January 9, 2025

Understanding the Recent Surge of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in China

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In recent weeks, China has experienced a notable increase in cases of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a respiratory virus that commonly causes symptoms akin to the common cold or flu. This surge has garnered international attention, prompting discussions about the virus's implications and the appropriate public health response.

What is HMPV?

Human Metapneumovirus is a respiratory pathogen first identified in 2001. It is known to cause mild to moderate respiratory illnesses, including symptoms such as cough, nasal congestion, fever, and muscle aches. While most individuals recover without complications, HMPV can lead to severe conditions like bronchitis or pneumonia, particularly in young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine available for HMPV; management primarily involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.

Current Situation in China

The recent uptick in HMPV cases in China has been observed mainly in the northern regions and among children under 14. However, health officials, including Wang Liping from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, have indicated that this increase aligns with improved detection methods and is within expected seasonal trends. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also stated that the reported levels of acute respiratory infections, including HMPV, are typical for the winter season, with no unusual outbreak patterns reported.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)

Global Perspective

While the rise in HMPV cases has caused concern, especially given the recent global experience with the COVID-19 pandemic, experts emphasize that HMPV is neither new nor as severe. The virus has been circulating for decades, and most individuals develop some immunity early in life. Additionally, HMPV does not mutate as rapidly as some other viruses, reducing the likelihood of it causing a pandemic. Health systems worldwide are familiar with HMPV, and standard precautions are effective in controlling its spread.

Preventative Measures

To mitigate the spread of HMPV and other respiratory viruses, health experts recommend the following precautions:

Hand Hygiene: Regularly wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

Respiratory Etiquette: Cover mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.

Avoid Close Contact: Maintain distance from individuals exhibiting symptoms of respiratory illness.

Stay Home When Ill: If experiencing symptoms, remain at home to prevent transmitting the virus to others.

Use of Masks: In crowded or high-risk areas, wearing a mask can reduce the risk of infection.

Conclusion

While the increase in HMPV cases in China is noteworthy, it remains within expected seasonal patterns and does not pose the same level of threat as more severe respiratory viruses. Public health authorities continue to monitor the situation closely, and adherence to standard preventative measures can effectively reduce the risk of infection. Staying informed through credible sources and following public health guidelines remain essential steps in safeguarding individual and community health.

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Thursday, January 2, 2025

Manmohan Singh: Architect of Modern India's Economic Revival

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India's former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh passed away at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi on December 26, 2024. He was the 14th Prime Minister of India and the first Sikh to hold the position. He is widely regarded as the architect of modern India's economic revival. His pivotal role in ushering in economic reforms in the early 1990s transformed India from a closed economy on the brink of collapse to a vibrant and globally integrated market. Born on September 26, 1932, in Gah, Punjab (now in Pakistan), Singh's journey from a humble village to one of the most respected leaders in the world is a story of academic brilliance, visionary leadership, and unwavering commitment to public service.

Early life and Academic Journey:

Manmohan Singh's early life was marked by academic excellence. After completing his undergraduate studies at Panjab University, he pursued a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from the University of Cambridge. He further enhanced his academic credentials by earning a Doctor of Philosophy in Economics from the University of Oxford. His exposure to the global economic environment and rigorous academic training equipped him with the knowledge and insights that would later prove invaluable in shaping India's economic policies.

Economic Crises of 1991:

By the late 1980s, India was facing a severe economic crisis characterized by high fiscal deficits, low growth rates, a ballooning balance of payments deficit, and depleting foreign exchange reserves. The situation was so dire that India had to mortgage its gold reserves to secure an emergency loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It was against this backdrop that Manmohan Singh was appointed as the Finance Minister in Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao's government in June 1991.

The 1991 Economic Reforms:

As Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh implemented a series of radical economic reforms that marked a departure from the protectionist policies that had governed India for decades. These reforms were aimed at liberalizing the economy, promoting private enterprise, and integrating India into the global market. Key reforms introduced by Singh included:

1. Liberalization of Trade and Investment:

● Reduction in import tariffs and the removal of import licensing.

● Devaluation of the Indian Rupee to make exports competitive.

● Encouragement of foreign direct investment (FDI) by easing restrictions and offering incentives.

2. Industrial Policy Reforms:

● Abolition of industrial licensing for most sectors, thus ending the "License Raj.

● Reduction in government intervention in business operations.

● Promotion of privatization and disinvestment of public sector enterprises.

3. Financial Sector Reforms:

● Deregulation of interest rates to enhance the efficiency of financial markets.

● Strengthening of the banking sector through reforms and recapitalization.

● Development of capital markets to mobilize resources for investment.

4. Fiscal Consolidation:

● Measures to reduce fiscal deficits and improve fiscal discipline.

● Introduction of tax reforms to broaden the tax base and improve compliance.

● Reduction in subsidies to manage public expenditure.

Impact and Legacy of the Reforms:

The economic reforms initiated by Manmohan Singh had a profound impact on India's economy. The liberalization of trade and investment policies led to a significant increase in foreign direct investment, boosting industrial growth and creating new job opportunities. The abolition of industrial licensing unleashed entrepreneurial energies, leading to the emergence of a dynamic private sector. Financial sector reforms improved the efficiency of financial intermediation, facilitating investment and economic growth.

The reforms also laid the foundation for sustained economic growth in the following decades. India's GDP growth rate accelerated, and the country witnessed a remarkable transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a burgeoning industrial and service-oriented economy. The opening up of the economy also led to greater integration with the global market, enhancing India's competitiveness and innovation.

Prime Ministerial Tenure

Manmohan Singh's contributions to India's economic revival did not end with his tenure as Finance Minister. He served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014, leading the country through a period of unprecedented economic growth and development. His government focused on inclusive development, social welfare programs, and infrastructure development. Key initiatives during his tenure included the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), and the implementation of the Right to Education Act.

Conclusion:

Dr. Manmohan Singh's visionary leadership and pragmatic approach to economic policy have left an indelible mark on India's economic landscape. His role in orchestrating the 1991 economic reforms transformed India from a struggling economy to one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. As the architect of modern India's economic revival, his legacy continues to inspire policymakers and economists.

Manmohan Singh's story is not just one of economic transformation but also one of integrity, humility, and dedication to public service. His contributions have not only reshaped India's economy but have also established him as a pivotal figure in the history of modern India. Through his life's work, Dr. Singh has demonstrated the transformative power of visionary leadership and the importance of sound economic policies in driving national progress.

-Team Yuva Aayeg

Praveen Kumar Maurya

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