India is the world's third-largest dam builder, with more than 6,300 big dams. These buildings are essential for flood control, hydropower, irrigation, and water supply. But as of 2025, the country is confronted with a variety of dam management issues, including safety issues, geopolitical conflicts, and hazards associated with climate change.

115.1) National Dam Safety and Rehabilitation Efforts

India has taken important steps in recognition of the vital need of dam safety, including:

1) The goal of the world's largest dam repair initiative, the Dam repair and Improvement Project (DRIP), is to improve the performance and safety of already-existing dams.

2) The 2021 Dam Safety Act: This act, which was passed in order to create a comprehensive framework for dam safety, gave rise to the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA), which is in charge of monitoring dam safety policies and procedures nationwide. 

115.2) Regional Developments and Challenges

115.3) Geopolitical Implications: Indus Water Treaty Suspension

115.4) Conclusion 

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Introduction:

The International Booker Prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards, celebrating outstanding fiction translated into English. Over the years, it has recognized voices from across the globe, highlighting literature’s power to transcend borders.

In 2025, history was made when Banu Mushtaq, a Kannada-language writer, won the award for her poignant novel Heart Lamp. This victory was a landmark moment—not only for Kannada literature but for Indian regional languages as a whole. With powerful storytelling and deeply resonant themes, Heart Lamp illuminated the struggles, resilience, and triumphs of women, marking a new era in global literary appreciation.

Award Ceremony Details:

The International Booker Prize 2025 was awarded to Banu Mushtaq for her book Heart Lamp at a grand ceremony held on May 20, 2025, at Tate Modern in London. This historic win marked the first time a Kannada-language book received this prestigious honor.

About the International Booker Prize:

The International Booker Prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards, recognizing outstanding works of fiction translated into English. It was established to celebrate the art of translation and highlight global literary voices.

●       The prize is awarded annually to a book translated into English and published in the UK or Ireland.

●       The £50,000 prize money is split equally between the author and the translator, emphasizing the importance of translation in bringing diverse stories to a global audience.

●       The award has helped introduce readers to powerful narratives from different cultures, making literature more accessible worldwide.

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Banu Mushtaq’s Journey:

Born in Karnataka, Banu Mushtaq has been a fierce literary voice advocating for women’s rights and social justice. Her works, primarily written in Kannada, explore themes of identity, resistance, and storytelling as a means of empowerment.

Mushtaq’s journey to the International Booker Prize was filled with challenges. As a writer working in a regional language, breaking into the global literary scene was difficult. However, her dedication and the universal appeal of her narratives garnered attention beyond borders. The translation of Heart Lamp into English by Deepa Bhasthi played a crucial role in making Mushtaq’s work accessible to a worldwide audience.

The Significance of Heart Lamp:

Heart Lamp is not just a novel—it is a reflection of the lives of women navigating societal constraints, dreams, and resistance against oppression. Through its powerful prose, the book explores:

●       Women’s struggles and empowerment: Mushtaq’s characters reflect the real challenges faced by women in patriarchal societies, offering a voice to the voiceless.

●       Identity and resilience: The novel intricately delves into themes of identity, self-discovery, and survival.

●       Cultural and historical depth: Grounded in Kannada traditions, Heart Lamp presents a rich tapestry of emotions and experiences that resonate universally.

The novel’s depth and relevance played a key role in its recognition by the International Booker Prize jury, highlighting its importance beyond language and geography.

The Impact of the Win:

Mushtaq’s victory marks a significant milestone in literary history. Her win has:

●       Elevated Kannada literature on a global stage, proving that regional languages hold profound stories that deserve recognition.

●       Encouraged translations of Indian regional texts, making diverse narratives more accessible to international audiences.

●       Opened doors for future Kannada writers to aspire for global literary success.

The recognition of Heart Lamp also sends a strong message—literature has the power to bridge cultures, bring unheard voices to the forefront, and challenge existing narratives.

Conclusion:

Banu Mushtaq’s International Booker Prize win is more than an individual achievement; it is a collective victory for Kannada literature, regional languages, and the power of storytelling. Her success reaffirms literature’s ability to break barriers, inspire change, and touch lives across the world.

As Heart Lamp continues to captivate readers globally, Mushtaq’s legacy grows stronger, reminding us that stories—especially those that speak truth and advocate for justice—will always find their way into the hearts of people, regardless of language or geography.

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On the midnight of 9^th and 10^th May 2025, the Pakistan Airforce started sending the explosive Songar drones of Turkey. ( It was the retaliation by Pakistan to the drones which were sent by the Indian air force during the day. The Indian drones have destroyed many places in Pakistan, including the stadium of Rawalpindi, due to which the game of the Pakistan Super League has been suspended. The Turkish drones are very dangerous during the proxy war as well as fighting with any nation, but the 3 to 4 level security of the Indian air force retaliated against all of them very successfully at a rate of 99 to 100.  This was the first time the world had seen the defense power of Bharat. When all the drones were wrecked, the Indian Air Force, with its fighter jets like Sukhoi MK and Rafale, using the supersonic cruise missile, destroyed about 10 bases of the Pakistan army and Air force. This was very huge blow to Pakistan because its Noor Khan base and Rawalpindi base are very important bases for their defense. The base near Kirana hills containing Nukes was also disturbed, due to which leakage has started. It was also reported that Pakistan has used its intercontinental ballistic missile Fateh 2  with Delhi as a target. But it was intercepted successfully near the Amritsar base of Bharat.

This work was being done in front of the world, but behind the scenes, a new script was already being written for the future of this war. At 2 pm on 11 May, the Indian government announced that any attack on the citizens of India by Pakistan would be considered as an act of war.

 On May 11, the new CHAUDHARY of the World, Donald Trump, at 3:20 pm, announced that he had successfully brokered a ceasefire between the two nuclear-capable nations. He said that ministers of both nations have demanded that he do so. At 5 pm, the Foreign Secretary of Bharat announced that a ceasefire has been declared between the two nations. Later the Director General of Military Operations of Air force , Navy and Indian army gave briefing about the war that how Indian armed forces were successful in their mission . They gave the proof of all the retaliation done by Indian force. They gave description about mainly the attack of 9^th may on 11^th of may but on the 12^th may They gave overall briefing of all the days . One special thing about the briefing of 11^th may was that it was started with SHIVA TANDAVA STROTAM . Air marshal A K Bharti was leading the whole mission of the air force . So he was also the main spokesperson during the press briefing. A reporter asked him about the casualties of the ammunition of Pakistani forces . He with a slight smile answered that our work is to get them down and their work is to count the casualties.  Rear Admiral of navy AN Pramod, told that navy was in full mood to attack on ports of Pakistan but ceasefire stopped them.  But he said that navy was an important part of this mission also.  

The briefing of 12^th may was started with YACHNA NAHI AB RANN HOGA BY Shri Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ji .

On 12^th May the press briefings of DGMOs were done in the New Delhi.  This briefing was started by Lieutenant General Shri Rajiv Ghai . He told that The jawans of the Border security force were very actively retaliated the opposition forces . He gave a popular statement used by the Australian Cricket team during 1970s and 1980s . He gave a statement regarding the strong defense system of the Indian Armed Forces . He said that if  anyone doubts on our forces one thing about the operation I want to say that it was a 3 to 4 layer security that no weapon of enemy can remain safe . He also said that Ashes to ashes, dust to dust, if Thommo don’t get ya, Lillie must.”. He want to explain that if you would cross one security level then another is waiting for you. When reporters asked about the strategy for next war then Shri Bharti said that our bases are working very smoothly and we are always ready for the war . On the aggressive nature of the songs played . Bharti ji gave answer by using a DOHA of Shri ramcharitmanas  . He said that …

बिनय न मानत जलधि जड़ गए तीनि दिन बीति।

बोले राम सकोप तब भय बिनु होइ न प्रीति॥

He said that without aggression nothing can be achieved.

On 12^th May , at 8 PM , Shri Narendra Modi the honorable prime minister has released a video about praising the Indian army and support of all the Indians . He said that the way of peace goes from the way of strength and aggression.  Without these two things the peace is not possible . He also warned to Pakistan that “ talk and terror cannot go together , terror and trade cannot go together , water and blood cannot flow together .The talk to Pakistan will only be done on the topic of POK only .

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🎯 Introduction

In May 2025, the longstanding tensions between India and Pakistan escalated dramatically following a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, which claimed the lives of 26 civilians. India attributed the attack to Pakistan-based militant groups, prompting a robust military response. Central to India's strategy was the deployment of advanced missile systems to neutralize threats and assert its defensive capabilities.

🚀 India's Missile Arsenal in Action

1. SCALP Cruise Missiles

During "Operation Sindoor," the Indian Air Force (IAF) utilized SCALP cruise missiles launched from Rafale fighter jets to strike terrorist camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Pakistan's Punjab province. Targets included locations in Bahawalpur and Muridke, believed to be strongholds of Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. The precision of the SCALP missiles allowed India to conduct these strikes without entering Pakistani airspace.

2. AASM Hammer Bombs

Complementing the SCALP missiles, the IAF deployed AASM Hammer precision-guided bombs during the operation. These munitions enhanced the accuracy of the strikes, ensuring minimal collateral damage while effectively neutralizing the intended targets.

3. SkyStriker Loitering Munitions

The Indian Army employed Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions to target specific threats within enemy territory. These drones provided real-time intelligence and precision strike capabilities, further augmenting India's offensive operations.

4. S-400 'Sudarshan' Air Defense System

The S-400 Triumf, designated as 'Sudarshan' by India, is one of the world’s most advanced long-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems. It was developed by Russia’s Almaz Central Design Bureau and manufactured by Almaz-Antey, designed to intercept aircraft, drones, cruise missiles, and even ballistic missiles at a range of up to 400 kilometers. In anticipation of retaliatory strikes, India activated its S-400 'Sudarshan' air defense systems. These systems successfully intercepted and neutralized multiple Pakistani drones and missiles aimed at strategic locations across northern and western India, including Amritsar and Jammu.

5. Akash Surface-to-Air Missiles

The Akash missile system, a medium-range surface-to-air missile, was instrumental in defending Indian airspace. Notably, on May 7, an Akash missile shot down a Pakistani JF-17 Thunder fighter jet attempting to engage IAF aircraft over the Kashmir region.

🛰️ Countering Pakistani Aerial Offensives

In response to India's operations, Pakistan launched a series of drone and missile attacks targeting Indian military installations. India's integrated air defense network, comprising the S-400 and Akash systems, effectively thwarted these incursions, maintaining air superiority and safeguarding critical assets.

🔍 Conclusion

The 2025 conflict underscored the pivotal role of advanced missile systems in modern warfare. India's strategic deployment of its missile arsenal not only neutralized immediate threats but also demonstrated its commitment to defending national sovereignty. As regional dynamics continue to evolve, the emphasis on technological superiority and precision in defense strategies remains paramount.

Note: This article is based on information available as of May 9, 2025. For the latest updates, please refer to official defense communications and reputable news sources.

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The human body's specialised glands create hormones, which are biochemical messengers. After being released straight into the bloodstream, these molecules reach their intended organs and tissues, where they control a variety of physiological functions. Hormones are essential for preserving homeostasis, or the internal balance of the organism, which affects everything from development and metabolism to mood and reproduction.

111.1) Hormone-Producing Glands

Numerous glands that create distinct kinds of hormones make up the human endocrine system:

1) The pituitary gland, also known as the "master gland," secretes a number of hormones that control other endocrine glands. These consist of:

    1.1) Growth hormone (GH): Promotes cell division and growth.

    1.2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

    1.3) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Encourages the production of thyroid hormone.

2) The thyroid gland, which is situated in the neck, generates hormones that control metabolism.

    2.1) Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4): Affect development and raise metabolic rate.

    2.2) Calcitonin: Assists in controlling blood calcium levels.

3) Parathyroid Glands: These tiny glands, which are located behind the thyroid, generate:

    3.1) By promoting bone resorption, parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises calcium levels in the blood.

4) The adrenal glands, which are situated above the kidneys, are responsible for the production of many hormones.

    4.1) Cortisol: Aids in metabolic regulation and the body's reaction to stress.

    4.2) Aldosterone: Regulates blood pressure by bringing potassium and salt levels into balance.

    4.3) The body is primed for "fight or flight" reactions by the chemicals adrenaline (epinephrine) and             noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

5) The pancreas is a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

    5.1) Insulin: Promotes the absorption of glucose into cells, lowering blood glucose levels.

    5.2) Glucagon: Encourages the liver to break down glycogen, which raises blood glucose levels.

6) The brain's pineal gland secretes the following:

    6.1) Melatonin: Controls the circadian rhythm, or sleep-wake cycle.

7) Sex glands, or gonads:

    7.1) Female ovaries: Generate progesterone and oestrogen, which control secondary sexual traits, the             menstrual cycle, and reproductive function.

    7.2) Male testes: Generate testosterone, which is in charge of sperm production and secondary sexual             characteristics in males.

8) Thymus: During the early stages of life, it generates:

    8.1) Thymosin: Essential for the immunological response, it plays a role in the formation of T-cells.

111.2) Hormones and Human Emotions:

A number of hormones have significant impacts on human emotions and mental health in addition to controlling bodily functions.  These consist of:

1) Dopamine: Often referred to as the "reward hormone," dopamine is linked to motivation, pleasure, and the reward system in the brain. Feelings of contentment and happiness are influenced by an increase in dopamine.

2) Often referred to as the "feel-good hormone," serotonin plays a role in mood, hunger, and sleep regulation.  Anxiety and sadness are associated with low serotonin levels.

3) Frequently called the "love hormone" or "bonding hormone," oxytocin fosters emotions of empathy, trust, and social bonding. It is released during nursing, childbirth, and hugs.

4) Natural medications that also provide a feeling of euphoria are called endorphins.  Exercise, laughter, and great delight all cause the release of endorphins.

5) Cortisol: Despite being predominantly a stress hormone, prolonged exposure to elevated cortisol levels can cause despair, anxiety, and irritability.

6) Adrenaline (Epinephrine): This hormone can cause sensations of thrill or anxiety and is released in response to excitement or fear.  Although it primes the body for rapid response, persistent stress can also make people anxious.

7) Changes in the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, particularly during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, can affect mood, irritability, and emotional sensitivity.

8) Testosterone: Known for its influence on masculine physical characteristics, testosterone also has an impact on aggression, mood, and confidence.  Emotional balance can be affected by both high and low levels.

111.3) Functions and Importance

Coordinating intricate body processes requires hormones.  For instance:

111.3.1) Insulin and thyroid hormones control metabolism.

111.3.2) Growth hormone and sex hormones regulate growth and development.

111.3.3) Sex hormones, such as oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, regulate reproduction.

111.3.4) Adrenaline and cortisol control stress reactions.

111.3.5) Hormones such as serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin have a significant impact on emotions and mental health.

111.4) Hormonal Imbalance

Excessive or insufficient hormone production can cause a number of health problems. For instance:

111.4.1) Insulin resistance or insufficiency causes diabetes mellitus.

111.4.2) Thyroid hormone imbalances are the cause of both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

111.4.3) There is an excess of cortisol in Cushing's syndrome.

111.4.4) Reproductive hormone abnormalities are associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

111.4.5) Serotonin, dopamine, and other mood-regulating hormone abnormalities are frequently linked to emotional illnesses like sadness, anxiety, and mood swings.

111.5) Conclusion

The human body cannot function properly without hormones. They are produced by the endocrine system and control essential functions like development, metabolism, reproduction, emotions, and stress reactions. Hormones have an impact on emotional stability and mental health in addition to physical health. Knowing how these potent compounds work aids in enhancing quality of life, identifying illnesses, and encouraging health.

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