India's varied culture, history, and changing socioeconomic structure are all reflected in its music, which has always been more than just an artistic medium. Indian music has evolved over thousands of years, from folk traditions and holy chants to classical forms, movie soundtracks, and modern fusion genres, resulting in a diverse and dynamic soundscape.
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139.1) Ancient and Classical Foundations
Sama Veda chants were the first systematic musical expression during the Vedic era (1500–500 BCE), which is where Indian music got its start. These eventually developed into the traditional traditions of Carnatic (South India) and Hindustani (North India) music, which both place a strong emphasis on rhythm (tala) and melody (raga). Legendary people like Tansen, Thyagaraja, and Muthuswami Dikshitar have shaped the traditions' legacy, which is still very spiritual.
139.2) Folk Music: The Voice of People
Every region created its own folk music in parallel to classical traditions, which are strongly linked to regional festivals, customs, and means of subsistence. Folk genres preserved oral traditions, from the heartfelt Baul melodies of Bengal to the lavani of Maharashtra and the bihu of Assam. As they told tales of love, adversity, devotion, and everyday life, they functioned as the music of communities.
139.3) The Birth of Film Music
Film music became a popular genre with the rise of Indian cinema in the early 20th century, particularly with the release of Alam Ara (1931). By fusing Western, traditional, and classical influences, Bollywood and regional film made music widely available. Composers such as A.R. Rahman, Ilaiyaraaja, and R.D. Burman revolutionised soundtracks and made them cultural icons.
139.4) Western Influence and the Rise of Popular Genres
In India, exposure to Western music increased after independence. Rock bands and jazz clubs gained popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in places like Kolkata and Mumbai. Pop music took off by the 1990s as a result of economic liberalisation and satellite television; performers like Lucky Ali, Daler Mehndi, and Alisha Chinai were well-known.
139.5) Contemporary Diversification
Indian music has evolved into a fusion hotspot in the twenty-first century, fusing international genres like hip-hop, EDM, reggae, and indie rock with traditional influences. Rap and hip-hop, which were once specialised, have become popular thanks to performers like Divine and Naezy. At the same time, independent musicians have gained attention thanks to platforms like Coke Studio, MTV Unplugged, and streaming services, which has resulted in a resurgence of regional languages and styles in contemporary genres.
139.6) The Global Stage
Indian music is popular all over the world these days, not only because of Bollywood but also because of electronic fusion, partnerships with other musicians, and the influence of the diaspora. Indian music has evolved while remaining true to its roots, from Ravi Shankar's sitar in the West to modern performers like Arijit Singh and Prateek Kuhad drawing audiences from all over the world.
139.7) Conclusion
Indian music has a history of both continuity and innovation. India's versatility and diversity are reflected in everything from popular rap battles to the revered hymns of the Vedas. Every genre—classical, folk, cinema, or fusion—contributes to a rich and ever-evolving musical legacy that keeps bridging cultures and forming identities.
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Adarsh Tiwari
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